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      Revision of the species composition and distribution of Turkish sand flies using DNA barcodes

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          Abstract

          Background

          Currently, knowledge regarding the phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna of Turkey is restricted to regions with endemic leishmaniasis. However, rapidly changing environmental and social conditions highlight concerns on the possible future expansion of sand fly-borne diseases in Turkey, promoting risk assessment through biosurveillance activities in non-endemic regions. Traditional morphological approaches are complicated by extensive cryptic speciation in sand flies, thus integrated studies utilizing DNA markers are becoming increasingly important for correct sand fly identification. This study contributes to the knowledge of the sand fly fauna in understudied regions of Turkey, and provides an extensive DNA barcode reference library of expertly identified Turkish sand fly species for the first time.

          Methods

          Fly sampling was conducted at 101 locations from 29 provinces, covering all three biogeographical regions of Turkey. Specimens were morphologically identified using available keys. Cytochrome c oxidase I ( cox1) barcode sequences were analyzed both for morphologically distinct species and those specimens with cryptic identity. A taxon identity tree was obtained using Neighbor Joining (NJ) analysis. Species boundaries among closely related taxa evaluated using ABGD, Maximum Likelihood (ML) and haplotype network analyses. Sand fly richness of all three biogeographical regions were compared using nonparametric species richness estimators.

          Results

          A total of 729 barcode sequences (including representatives of all previously reported subgenera) were obtained from a total of 9642 sand fly specimens collected in Turkey. Specimens belonging to the same species or species complex clustered together in the NJ tree, regardless of their geographical origin. The species delimitation methods revealed the existence of 33 MOTUs, increasing the previously reported 28 recorded sand fly species by 17.8%. The richest sand fly diversity was determined in Anatolia, followed by the Mediterranean, and then the Black Sea regions of the country.

          Conclusions

          A comprehensive cox1 reference library is provided for the sand fly species of Turkey, including the proposed novel taxa discovered herein. Our results have epidemiological significance exposing extensive distributions of proven and suspected sand fly vectors in Turkey, including those areas currently regarded as non-endemic for sand fly-borne disease.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3669-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references61

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            Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern.

            Phlebotomine sandflies transmit pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. We review the roles of phlebotomines in the spreading of leishmaniases, sandfly fever, summer meningitis, vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura virus encephalitis and Carrión's disease. Among over 800 species of sandfly recorded, 98 are proven or suspected vectors of human leishmaniases; these include 42 Phlebotomus species in the Old World and 56 Lutzomyia species in the New World (all: Diptera: Psychodidae). Based on incrimination criteria, we provide an updated list of proven or suspected vector species by endemic country where data are available. Increases in sandfly diffusion and density resulting from increases in breeding sites and blood sources, and the interruption of vector control activities contribute to the spreading of leishmaniasis in the settings of human migration, deforestation, urbanization and conflict. In addition, climatic changes can be expected to affect the density and dispersion of sandflies. Phlebovirus infections and diseases are present in large areas of the Old World, especially in the Mediterranean subregion, in which virus diversity has proven to be higher than initially suspected. Vesiculovirus diseases are important to livestock and humans in the southeastern U.S.A. and Latin America, and represent emerging human threats in parts of India. Carrión's disease, formerly restricted to regions of elevated altitude in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, has shown recent expansion to non-endemic areas of the Amazon basin. © 2012 The Authors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology © 2012 The Royal Entomological Society.
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              Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review.

              R Killick (1989)
              An account is given of work published during the past 10 years incriminating species of phlebotomine sandflies as vectors of Leishmania species which infect man. An assessment is made of the degrees of certainty of the vectorial roles of eighty-one species and subspecies of sandflies (thirty-seven Old World and forty-four New World) in the transmission of twenty-nine leishmanial parasites of mammals. At least one species of sandfly is considered to be a proven vector of each of ten parasites. Of the eighty-one sandfly taxa, evidence is judged to be sufficient to incriminate nineteen as proven vectors (eleven Phlebotomus species and eight Lutzomyia species or subspecies) and evidence for a further fourteen (nine Phlebotomus species and five Lutzomyia species or subspecies) is considered to be strong. The suggested criteria for incrimination of a vector are anthropophily and common infection with the same leishmanial parasite as that found in man in the same place. More weight should be given to natural infections persisting after the digestion of a bloodmeal than those in the presence of blood. Supporting evidence is a concordance in the distribution of the fly and the disease in man, proof that the fly feeds regularly on the reservoir host, a flourishing development of the parasite in infected flies and the experimental transmission of the parasite by the bite of the fly.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ozgeerisoz@yahoo.com , erisoz@hacettepe.edu.tr
                linton.yvonne3@gmail.com
                mehmet.karakus@sbu.edu.tr
                yusuf.ozbel@ege.edu.tr
                kaynas@hacettepe.edu.tr
                Journal
                Parasit Vectors
                Parasit Vectors
                Parasites & Vectors
                BioMed Central (London )
                1756-3305
                22 August 2019
                22 August 2019
                2019
                : 12
                : 410
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2342 7339, GRID grid.14442.37, Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, , Hacettepe University, ; Ankara, Turkey
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8716 3312, GRID grid.1214.6, Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, , Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, ; MRC-534, Suitland, MD 20746-2863 USA
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2192 7591, GRID grid.453560.1, Department of Entomology, , National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ; Washington, USA
                [4 ]Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1092 2592, GRID grid.8302.9, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, , Ege University, ; Izmir, Turkey
                Article
                3669
                10.1186/s13071-019-3669-3
                6704649
                30606222
                654a20bf-d8f8-4c51-a54a-65c02dd3dc64
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 16 May 2019
                : 13 August 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Armed Forces Health Surveillance Board, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (AFHSB-GEIS)
                Award ID: P0034_18_WR
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
                Award ID: SBAG: 114S999
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Hacettepe University Scientific Research Unit
                Award ID: 01001601001
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Parasitology
                phlebotomine,sand fly,turkey,cox1,barcoding,diversity
                Parasitology
                phlebotomine, sand fly, turkey, cox1, barcoding, diversity

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