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      Asociación entre variables indicadoras del nivel socioeconómico del lugar de residencia en Sevilla y la incidencia y frecuentación hospitalaria pediátrica por tosferina Translated title: Association between indicators of neighbourhood socioeconomic status in Seville and the incidence of pertussis and related hospital admissions in children

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio es analizar la asociación entre nivel socioeconómico del lugar de residencia y la incidencia y frecuentación hospitalaria infantil por tosferina. Material y método: estudio observacional, transversal, con dos unidades de observación de menores de 15 años residentes en Sevilla: 1) hospitalizaciones en los dos hospitales públicos de la ciudad por cualquier motivo (2013-2015): n = 7315; y 2) casos declarados confirmados de tosferina (2013-2017): n = 102. Las variables independientes fueron edad, sexo y residencia en zonas con necesidad de transformación social (ZNTS), en riesgo de pobreza (ZRP) y con educación insuficiente (EIZR). Las variables dependientes fueron hospitalizaciones y casos declarados confirmados de tosferina. Se realizaron análisis univariantes, bivariantes y multivariantes en la unidad Hospitalizaciones, mediante test χ y modelos de regresión logística, con el programa R. Se calcularon tasa y razón de incidencia por subdistritos en la unidad casos declarados. Resultados: el 1,12% de las hospitalizaciones fue por tosferina (n = 82). Entre el 2,0 y el 2,4% de las hospitalizaciones por tosferina procedieron de los subdistritos más desfavorecidos, en comparación con el 0,8 y 0,9% del resto de la ciudad (p <0,001). Las odds ratios, ajustadas por edad y sexo, y sus intervalos de confianza del 95%, fueron: ZNTS = 2,76 (1,74-4,32), ZRP = 2,48 (1,47-4,04) y EIZR = 2,17 (1,38-3,39). La razón de incidencia también fue superior en las zonas más desfavorecidas (2,50, 1,99 y 2,01, respectivamente). Conclusiones: el menor nivel socioeconómico de las áreas residenciales de Sevilla se asocia a la mayor frecuentación hospitalaria e incidencia de tosferina infantil.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: the aim of our study was to analyse the association between the SES of the neighbourhood of residence and the incidence of pertussis and frequency of hospital visits associated with pertussis in the paediatric population. Material and methods: we conducted a cross-sectional observational study, with 2 sets of observations in children under 15 years living in Seville: 1) admissions for any reason to the 2 public hospitals of Seville (2013-2015; n = 7315) and 2) reported cases of pertussis (2013-2017; n = 102). The independent variables were age, sex and residence in areas in need of social transformation (ANSTs), areas at risk of poverty (ARPs) and areas with low educational attainment (ALEAs). In the analysis of the reported cases data set, we calculated the incidence and incidence ratio for each subdistrict. Results: of the total hospital admissions, 1.12% (n = 82) were due to pertussis. Between 2.0 and 2.4% of admissions in children that resided in disadvantaged subdistricts were due to pertussis, compared to 0.8 to 0.9% in children living in the rest of the city (p <0.001). The sex- and age-adjusted odds ratios (with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals) were: ANST 2.76 (1.74-4.32) for ANSTs, 2.48 (1.47-4.04) for ARPs and 2.17 (1.38-3.39) for ALEAs. The incidence ratios were also higher in these disadvantaged areas (2.50, 1.99 and 2.01, respectively). Conclusions: low neighbourhood socioeconomic status in Seville was associated with a higher incidence of pertussis and a higher frequency of related hospital admissions in the paediatric population.

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          An update of the global burden of pertussis in children younger than 5 years: a modelling study.

          Since the publication in 2003 of a model to estimate the disease burden of pertussis, new evidence of the protective effect of incomplete pertussis vaccination against severe pertussis has been reported. We revised the model to provide new estimates of regional and global pertussis cases and deaths for children younger than 5 years.
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            Vaccine Hesitancy: Causes, Consequences, and a Call to Action.

            Vaccine hesitancy reflects concerns about the decision to vaccinate oneself or one's children. There is a broad range of factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy, including the compulsory nature of vaccines, their coincidental temporal relationships to adverse health outcomes, unfamiliarity with vaccine-preventable diseases, and lack of trust in corporations and public health agencies. Although vaccination is a norm in the U.S. and the majority of parents vaccinate their children, many do so amid concerns. The proportion of parents claiming non-medical exemptions to school immunization requirements has been increasing over the past decade. Vaccine refusal has been associated with outbreaks of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease, varicella, pneumococcal disease, measles, and pertussis, resulting in the unnecessary suffering of young children and waste of limited public health resources. Vaccine hesitancy is an extremely important issue that needs to be addressed because effective control of vaccine-preventable diseases generally requires indefinite maintenance of extremely high rates of timely vaccination. The multifactorial and complex causes of vaccine hesitancy require a broad range of approaches on the individual, provider, health system, and national levels. These include standardized measurement tools to quantify and locate clustering of vaccine hesitancy and better understand issues of trust; rapid, independent, and transparent review of an enhanced and appropriately funded vaccine safety system; adequate reimbursement for vaccine risk communication in doctors' offices; and individually tailored messages for parents who have vaccine concerns, especially first-time pregnant women. The potential of vaccines to prevent illness and save lives has never been greater. Yet, that potential is directly dependent on parental acceptance of vaccines, which requires confidence in vaccines, healthcare providers who recommend and administer vaccines, and the systems to make sure vaccines are safe.
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              Use of census-based aggregate variables to proxy for socioeconomic group: evidence from national samples.

              Increasingly, investigators append census-based socioeconomic characteristics of residential areas to individual records to address the problem of inadequate socioeconomic information on health data sets. Little empirical attention has been given to the validity of this approach. The authors estimate health outcome equations using samples from nationally representative data sets linked to census data. They investigate whether statistical power is sensitive to the timing of census data collection or to the level of aggregation of the census data; whether different census items are conceptually distinct; and whether the use of multiple aggregate measures in health outcome equations improves prediction compared with a single aggregate measure. The authors find little difference in estimates when using 1970 compared with 1980 US Bureau of the Census data or zip code compared with tract level variables. However, aggregate variables are highly multicollinear. Associations of health outcomes with aggregate measures are substantially weaker than with microlevel measures. The authors conclude that aggregate measures can not be interpreted as if they were microlevel variables nor should a specific aggregate measure be interpreted to represent the effects of what it is labeled.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1139-7632
                June 2021
                : 23
                : 90
                : e81-e92
                Affiliations
                [5] Granada orgnameCampus Universitario de la Cartuja orgdiv1Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública orgdiv2Observatorio de Salud y Medio Ambiente de Andalucía (OSMAN) España
                [1] Osuna. Sevilla orgnameServicio Andaluz de Salud orgdiv1Dirección Médica del Área de Gestión Sanitaria Osuna orgdiv2Hospital La Merced España
                [4] Sevilla orgnameCentro de Salud La Candelaria España
                [6] orgnameCiber de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) España
                [3] Sevilla orgnameHospital Universitario Virgen Macarena orgdiv1Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría orgdiv2Sección de Infectología Pediátrica España
                [2] Huelva orgnameServicio Andaluz de Salud orgdiv1Hospital General de Riotinto orgdiv2Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos España
                Article
                S1139-76322021000200007 S1139-7632(21)02309000007
                654d18cb-3d03-482b-8d2d-eb214106f9a6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Áreas de pobreza,Desigualdades sociales,Determinantes sociales de la salud,Factores socioeconómicos,Nivel educativo,Tosferina,Areas of poverty,Educational attainment,Pertussis,Socioeconomic factors,Social determinants of health,Social inequity

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