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      Protecting western redcedar from deer browsing—with a passing reference to TRP channels

      editorial

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          Abstract

          This editorial is about tree farming. It proposes to test in an experiment whether co-planting (in the same hole) western redcedar (WRC, Thuja plicata) with Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis) protects WRC seedlings from wildlife browsing. This sustainable protection method is an alternative to the traditional use of mechanical devices and big-game repellents. Many repellents contain transient receptor potential (TRP) agonists, such as capsaicin, a TRP vanilloid-1 agonist. This editorial also delivers a puzzle: while herbivores avoid capsaicin, why do people living in hot climates consume large quantities of it (in chili peppers)?

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          Responses of large mammals to climate change

          Robyn Hetem, Andrea Fuller, Shane Maloney … (2014)
          Most large terrestrial mammals, including the charismatic species so important for ecotourism, do not have the luxury of rapid micro-evolution or sufficient range shifts as strategies for adjusting to climate change. The rate of climate change is too fast for genetic adaptation to occur in mammals with longevities of decades, typical of large mammals, and landscape fragmentation and population by humans too widespread to allow spontaneous range shifts of large mammals, leaving only the expression of latent phenotypic plasticity to counter effects of climate change. The expression of phenotypic plasticity includes anatomical variation within the same species, changes in phenology, and employment of intrinsic physiological and behavioral capacity that can buffer an animal against the effects of climate change. Whether that buffer will be realized is unknown, because little is known about the efficacy of the expression of plasticity, particularly for large mammals. Future research in climate change biology requires measurement of physiological characteristics of many identified free-living individual animals for long periods, probably decades, to allow us to detect whether expression of phenotypic plasticity will be sufficient to cope with climate change.
          Article 0 comments Cited 44 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Species-specific temperature sensitivity of TRPA1

            Willem J Laursen, Evan O Anderson, Lydia J Hoffstaetter … (2015)
            Abstract Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a polymodal ion channel sensitive to temperature and chemical stimuli. The importance of temperature and aversive chemical detection for survival has driven the evolutionary diversity of TRPA1 sensitivity. This diversity can be observed in the various roles of TRPA1 in different species, where it is proposed to act as a temperature-insensitive chemosensor, a heat transducer, a noxious cold transducer, or a detector of low-intensity heat for prey localization. Exploring the variation of TRPA1 functions among species provides evolutionary insight into molecular mechanisms that fine-tune thermal and chemical sensitivity, and offers an opportunity to address basic principles of temperature gating in ion channels. A decade of research has yielded a number of hypotheses describing physiological roles of TRPA1, modulators of its activity, and biophysical principles of gating. This review surveys the diversity of TRPA1 adaptations across evolutionary taxa and explores possible mechanisms of TRPA1 activation.
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              Effect of capsaicin on thermoregulation: an update with new aspects

              János Szolcsányi (2015)
              Capsaicin, a selective activator of the chemo- and heat-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) V1 cation channel, has characteristic feature of causing long-term functional and structural impairment of neural elements supplied by TRPV1/capsaicin receptor. In mammals, systemic application of capsaicin induces complex heat-loss response characteristic for each species and avoidance of warm environment. Capsaicin activates cutaneous warm receptors and polymodal nociceptors but has no effect on cold receptors or mechanoreceptors. In this review, thermoregulatory features of capsaicin-pretreated rodents and TRPV1-mediated neural elements with innocuous heat sensitivity are summarized. Recent data support a novel hypothesis for the role of visceral warmth sensors in monitoring core body temperature. Furthermore, strong evidence suggests that central presynaptic nerve terminals of TRPV1-expressing cutaneous, thoracic and abdominal visceral receptors are activated by innocuous warmth stimuli and capsaicin. These responses are absent in TRPV1 knockout mice. Thermoregulatory disturbance induced by systemic capsaicin pretreatment lasts for months and is characterized by a normal body temperature at cool environment up to a total dose of 150 mg/kg s.c. Upward differential shift of set points for activation vasodilation, other heat-loss effectors and thermopreference develops. Avoidance of warm ambient temperature (35°C, 40°C) is severely impaired but thermopreference at cool ambient temperatures (Tas) are not altered. TRPV1 knockout or knockdown and genetically altered TRPV1, TRPV2 and TRPM8 knockout mice have normal core temperature in thermoneutral or cool environments, but the combined mutant mice have impaired regulation in warm or cold (4°C) environments. Several lines of evidence support that in the preoptic area warmth sensitive neurons are activated and desensitized by capsaicin, but morphological evidence for it is controversial. It is suggested that these neurons have also integrator function. Fever is enhanced in capsaicin-desensitized rats and the inhibition observed after pretreatment with low i.p. doses does not support in the light of their warmth sensitivity the concept that abdominal TRPV1-expressing nerve terminals serve as nonthermal chemosensors for reference signals in thermoregulation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Temperature (Austin)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Temperature (Austin)
                Journal ID (pmc): KTMP
                Title: Temperature: Multidisciplinary Biomedical Journal
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Print): 2332-8940
                ISSN (Electronic): 2332-8959
                Publication date Collection: Apr-Jun 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 May 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 22 May 2015
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 2 , Feeling Hot, Feeling Cold: TRP Channels; Guest Editors: Arpad Szallasi, MD, PhD; Irina Vetter, PhD; and Philip R. Kym, PhD
                Pages: 142-149
                Affiliations
                [1 ]FeverLab; Trauma Research; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center ; Phoenix, AZ, USA
                [2 ]Tree Fever: Forestland Conservation and Development ; Glendale, AZ, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Andrej A Romanovsky; Email: treefeverfarm@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1047078
                DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1047078
                PMC ID: 4843894
                PubMed ID: 27227013
                SO-VID: 655fc6bd-92f8-45b1-a8ef-b4fd6cfa310f
                Copyright © © 2015 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

                History
                Date received : 16 April 2015
                Date revision received : 28 April 2015
                Date accepted : 28 April 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, References: 28, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Editorial

                Keywords: aitc,capsaicin,deer browsing,picea sitchensis,repellents,repellants,spicy foods,sitka spruce,sustainability,tree farming,thuja plicata,transient receptor potential channels,trpv1,trpa1,aitc, allyl isothiocyanate,atfs, american tree farm system,osu, oregon state university,rmz, riparian management zone,trp, transient receptor potential,wffa, washington farm forestry association,wrc, western redcedar,wsare, western sustainable agriculture research and education
                Data availability:
                Keywords: aitc, capsaicin, deer browsing, picea sitchensis, repellents, repellants, spicy foods, sitka spruce, sustainability, tree farming, thuja plicata, transient receptor potential channels, trpv1, trpa1, aitc, allyl isothiocyanate, atfs, american tree farm system, osu, oregon state university, rmz, riparian management zone, trp, transient receptor potential, wffa, washington farm forestry association, wrc, western redcedar, wsare, western sustainable agriculture research and education

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