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      Organs-on-a-Chip Module: A Review from the Development and Applications Perspective

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          Abstract

          In recent years, ever-increasing scientific knowledge and modern high-tech advancements in micro- and nano-scales fabrication technologies have impacted significantly on various scientific fields. A micro-level approach so-called “microfluidic technology” has rapidly evolved as a powerful tool for numerous applications with special reference to bioengineering and biomedical engineering research. Therefore, a transformative effect has been felt, for instance, in biological sample handling, analyte sensing cell-based assay, tissue engineering, molecular diagnostics, and drug screening, etc. Besides such huge multi-functional potentialities, microfluidic technology also offers the opportunity to mimic different organs to address the complexity of animal-based testing models effectively. The combination of fluid physics along with three-dimensional (3-D) cell compartmentalization has sustained popularity as organ-on-a-chip. In this context, simple humanoid model systems which are important for a wide range of research fields rely on the development of a microfluidic system. The basic idea is to provide an artificial testing subject that resembles the human body in every aspect. For instance, drug testing in the pharma industry is crucial to assure proper function. Development of microfluidic-based technology bridges the gap between in vitro and in vivo models offering new approaches to research in medicine, biology, and pharmacology, among others. This is also because microfluidic-based 3-D niche has enormous potential to accommodate cells/tissues to create a physiologically relevant environment, thus, bridge/fill in the gap between extensively studied animal models and human-based clinical trials. This review highlights principles, fabrication techniques, and recent progress of organs-on-chip research. Herein, we also point out some opportunities for microfluidic technology in the future research which is still infancy to accurately design, address and mimic the in vivo niche.

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          Miniaturized total chemical analysis systems: A novel concept for chemical sensing

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            Soft lithography in biology and biochemistry.

            Soft lithography, a set of techniques for microfabrication, is based on printing and molding using elastomeric stamps with the patterns of interest in basrelief. As a technique for fabricating microstructures for biological applications, soft lithography overcomes many of the shortcomings of photolithography. In particular, soft lithography offers the ability to control the molecular structure of surfaces and to pattern the complex molecules relevant to biology, to fabricate channel structures appropriate for microfluidics, and to pattern and manipulate cells. For the relatively large feature sizes used in biology (> or = 50 microns), production of prototype patterns and structures is convenient, inexpensive, and rapid. Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold are particularly easy to pattern by soft lithography, and they provide exquisite control over surface biochemistry.
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              Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences.

              Nearing 30 years since its introduction, 3D printing technology is set to revolutionize research and teaching laboratories. This feature encompasses the history of 3D printing, reviews various printing methods, and presents current applications. The authors offer an appraisal of the future direction and impact this technology will have on laboratory settings as 3D printers become more accessible.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Micromachines (Basel)
                Micromachines (Basel)
                micromachines
                Micromachines
                MDPI
                2072-666X
                22 October 2018
                October 2018
                : 9
                : 10
                : 536
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey CP 64849, N.L., Mexico; eduardo.sosa@ 123456itesm.mx (J.E.S.-H.); angel.vr@ 123456itesm.mx (A.M.V.-R.); a00823430@ 123456itesm.mx (K.D.R.-C.); a00816656@ 123456itesm.mx (M.A.A.-A.-I.); a00824289@ 123456itesm.mx (I.E.G.-R.); heran@ 123456itesm.mx (A.H.-A.); r.parra@ 123456itesm.mx (R.P.-S.)
                [2 ]School of Medical Science, Understanding Chronic Conditions Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University (Gold Coast Campus), Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; i.ahmed@ 123456griffith.edu.au
                [3 ]Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Epigmenio Gonzalez 500, Queretaro CP 76130, Mexico; asharma@ 123456itesm.mx
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: hafiz.iqbal@ 123456itesm.mx ; Tel.: +52-(81)-83582000 (ext. 5679)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5441-4768
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0249-613X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4958-5797
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4958-5797
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4855-2720
                Article
                micromachines-09-00536
                10.3390/mi9100536
                6215144
                30424469
                6560a5b4-ecae-4f16-847d-37379b913da3
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 August 2018
                : 19 October 2018
                Categories
                Review

                organ-on-a-chip,biosensors,biomedical,microfluidics,in vivo models,applications

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