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      Gnathostoma spinigerum in Live Asian Swamp Eels ( Monopterus spp.) from Food Markets and Wild Populations, United States

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          Abstract

          In Southeast Asia, swamp eels (Synbranchidae: Monopterus spp.) are a common source of human gnathostomiasis, a foodborne zoonosis caused by advanced third-stage larvae (AL3) of Gnathostoma spp. nematodes. Live Asian swamp eels are imported to US ethnic food markets, and wild populations exist in several states. To determine whether these eels are infected, we examined 47 eels from markets and 67 wild-caught specimens. Nematodes were identified by morphologic features and ribosomal intergenic transcribed spacer–2 gene sequencing. Thirteen (27.7%) M. cuchia eels from markets were infected with 36 live G. spinigerum AL3: 21 (58.3%) in liver; 7 (19.4%) in muscle; 5 (13.8%) in gastrointestinal tract, and 3 (8.3%) in kidneys. Three (4.5%) wild-caught M. albus eels were infected with 5 G. turgidum AL3 in muscle, and 1 G. lamothei AL3 was found in a kidney (both North American spp.). Imported live eels are a potential source of human gnathostomiasis in the United States.

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          Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease.

          Terence Herman, Peter Chiodini (2009)
          Gnathostomiasis is a food-borne zoonosis caused by the late-third stage larvae of Gnathostoma spp. It is being seen with increasing frequency in countries where it is not endemic and should be regarded as another emerging imported disease. Previously, its foci of endemicity have been confined to Southeast Asia and Central and South America, but its geographical boundaries appear to be increasing, with recent reports of infection in tourists returning from southern Africa. It has a complex life cycle involving at least two intermediate hosts, with humans being accidental hosts in which the larvae cannot reach sexual maturity. The main risks for acquisition are consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish and geographical exposure. Infection results in initial nonspecific symptoms followed by cutaneous and/or visceral larva migrans, with the latter carrying high morbidity and mortality rates if there is central nervous system involvement. We review the literature and describe the epidemiology, life cycle, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of gnathostomiasis.
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            Non-native aquatic animals introductions have driven disease emergence in Europe

            Edmund Peeler, Birgit Oidtmann, Paul Midtlyng … (2011)
            Article 0 comments Cited 55 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              ITS-2 rDNA sequencing of Gnathostoma species (Nematoda) and elucidation of the species causing human gnathostomiasis in the Americas.

              R Almeyda, S Mas-Coma, M D Bargues (2000)
              From several gnathostome species the complete internal transcribed spacer ITS-2 ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeat sequence and a fragment of the 5.8S rDNA were obtained by direct polymerase chain reaction cycle-sequencing and silver-staining methods. The size of the complete ITS-1 sequence in agarose gel electrophoresis was also obtained. The ITS-2 enabled the differentiation of Gnathostoma spinigerum from Thailand and Gnathostoma binucleatum from Mexico and Ecuador and confirmed the validity of the latter. Gnathostoma turgidum, Gnathostoma sp. I (=Gnathostoma procyonis sensu Almeyda-Artigas et al., 1994), and Gnathostoma sp. II (=G. turgidum sensu Foster, 1939 pro parte), all from Mexico, proved to be independent species, but Gnathostoma sp. III, also from Mexico, could not be differentiated from G. turgidum. In Mexico and Ecuador, gnathostomes involved in human infection and that had been classified as G. spinigerum belong to G. binucleatum. The 5.8S rDNA sequences of the 6 Gnathostoma species studied were identical. The results of the ITS-1 agreed with those results of ITS-2.
              Article 0 comments Cited 30 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): April 2014
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 634-642
                Affiliations
                [1]US Geological Survey–National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (R.A. Cole, K.M. Griffin);
                [2]St. Norbert College, DePere, Wisconsin, USA (A. Choudhury);
                [3]US Geological Survey–Southeast Ecological Science Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA (L.G. Nico)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Rebecca A. Cole, US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd, Madison, WI, USA 53711; email: rcole@usgsgov
                Article
                Publisher ID: 13-1566
                DOI: 10.3201/eid2004.131566
                PMC ID: 3966402
                PubMed ID: 24661441
                SO-VID: 656ea595-a6b9-474e-90a9-ecaff27cafb1
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: gnathostoma spinigerum,g. turgidum,g. lamothei,monopterus albus,m. (amphipnous) cuchia,asian swamp eels,synbranchidae,human gnathostomiasis,introduced species,florida,georgia,new jersey,new york,parasites,foodborne diseases,suggested citation for this article: cole ra,choudhury a,nico lg,griffin km. gnathostoma spinigerum in live asian swamp eels (monopterus spp.) from food markets and wild populations,united states. emerg infect dis [internet]. 2014 apr [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2004.131566
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: gnathostoma spinigerum, g. turgidum, g. lamothei, monopterus albus, m. (amphipnous) cuchia, asian swamp eels, synbranchidae, human gnathostomiasis, introduced species, florida, georgia, new jersey, new york, parasites, foodborne diseases, suggested citation for this article: cole ra, choudhury a, nico lg, griffin km. gnathostoma spinigerum in live asian swamp eels (monopterus spp.) from food markets and wild populations, united states. emerg infect dis [internet]. 2014 apr [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2004.131566

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