Translation of the Chinese Version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire and Its Validation Among College Students: Factor Analysis

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

Background

Nomophobia or phobia of no mobile phone is the fear of being without a mobile phone or being unable to contact others via a mobile phone. It is a newly emerging psychiatric disorder among mobile phone users.

Objective

There are no psychometric scales available in China for examining nomophobia, although China has become the largest mobile phone handset consumer market in the world. Therefore, this study aimed to translate the original English version of a psychometric scale into Chinese and further examine its reliability and validity among Chinese college students.

Methods

The original version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) was first translated into Chinese using the backward and forward translation procedure. An exploratory factor analysis (a principal component analysis plus varimax rotation) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to examine the underlying factor structure of the translated questionnaire. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was determined by computing the Cronbach alpha coefficient, the test-retest reliability, and the corrected item-total correlation. A multivariate regression analysis was used for examining associations between nomophobia and independent variables among the college students.

Results

A total of 2000 participants were included in the study. Their ages ranged from 16 to 25 years, with 51.95% (1039/2000) being male participants. The Chinese version of NMP-Q retained 18 items. The eigenvalues, total variance explained, and scree plot jointly support a 4-factor structure of the translated questionnaire. The CFA reached the adaptive standard, and the discriminant validity of the scale was good. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of this scale was .925, and the Cronbach alpha coefficients of the subscales were .882, .843, .895, and .818. The test-retest reliability was 0.947. Corrected item-total correlation ranged from 0.539 to 0.663. The significant predictors for each of the dimensions of nomophobia and total score of the questionnaire were the average number of hours spent on a mobile phone daily and gender.

Conclusions

The Chinese version of the NMP-Q exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties.

Related collections

Most cited references 24

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: found

Is Open Access

Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)

Min-Sung Kwon, Joon-Yeop Lee, Wang-Youn Won … (2013)

Objective The aim of this study was to develop a self-diagnostic scale that could distinguish smartphone addicts based on the Korean self-diagnostic program for Internet addiction (K-scale) and the smartphone's own features. In addition, the reliability and validity of the smartphone addiction scale (SAS) was demonstrated. Methods A total of 197 participants were selected from Nov. 2011 to Jan. 2012 to accomplish a set of questionnaires, including SAS, K-scale, modified Kimberly Young Internet addiction test (Y-scale), visual analogue scale (VAS), and substance dependence and abuse diagnosis of DSM-IV. There were 64 males and 133 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 53 years (M = 26.06; SD = 5.96). Factor analysis, internal-consistency test, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation analysis were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of SAS. Results Based on the factor analysis results, the subscale “disturbance of reality testing” was removed, and six factors were left. The internal consistency and concurrent validity of SAS were verified (Cronbach's alpha = 0.967). SAS and its subscales were significantly correlated with K-scale and Y-scale. The VAS of each factor also showed a significant correlation with each subscale. In addition, differences were found in the job (p<0.05), education (p<0.05), and self-reported smartphone addiction scores (p<0.001) in SAS. Conclusions This study developed the first scale of the smartphone addiction aspect of the diagnostic manual. This scale was proven to be relatively reliable and valid.

0 comments Cited 371 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: found

Is Open Access

Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students- A cross sectional study

Jocelyne Matar Boumosleh, Doris Jaalouk (2017)

Objectives The study aims to assess prevalence of smartphone addiction symptoms, and to ascertain whether depression or anxiety, independently, contributes to smartphone addiction level among a sample of Lebanese university students, while adjusting simultaneously for important sociodemographic, academic, lifestyle, personality trait, and smartphone-related variables. Methods A random sample of 688 undergraduate university students (mean age = 20.64 ±1.88 years; 53% men) completed a survey composed of a) questions about socio-demographics, academics, lifestyle behaviors, personality type, and smartphone use-related variables; b) 26-item Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) Scale; and c) brief screeners of depression and anxiety (PHQ-2 and GAD-2), which constitute the two core DSM-IV items for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, respectively. Results Prevalence rates of smartphone-related compulsive behavior, functional impairment, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms were substantial. 35.9% felt tired during daytime due to late-night smartphone use, 38.1% acknowledged decreased sleep quality, and 35.8% slept less than four hours due to smartphone use more than once. Whereas gender, residence, work hours per week, faculty, academic performance (GPA), lifestyle habits (smoking and alcohol drinking), and religious practice did not associate with smartphone addiction score; personality type A, class (year 2 vs. year 3), younger age at first smartphone use, excessive use during a weekday, using it for entertainment and not using it to call family members, and having depression or anxiety, showed statistically significant associations with smartphone addiction. Depression and anxiety scores emerged as independent positive predictors of smartphone addiction, after adjustment for confounders. Conclusion Several independent positive predictors of smartphone addiction emerged including depression and anxiety. It could be that young adults with personality type A experiencing high stress level and low mood may lack positive stress coping mechanisms and mood management techniques and are thus highly susceptible to smartphone addiction.

0 comments Cited 171 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: not found
Article: not found

Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire

Caglar Yildirim, Ana-Paula Correia (2015)

0 comments Cited 166 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Contributors

Chunguang Liang:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4493-6030

School of NursingJinzhou Medical UniversityNo 40, Section 3, Songpo RoadJinzhou, 121001China86 1594162873663398880@qq.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

Journal ID (publisher-id): JMU

Title: JMIR mHealth and uHealth

Publisher: JMIR Publications (Toronto, Canada )

ISSN (Electronic): 2291-5222

Publication date Collection: March 2020

Publication date (Electronic): 13 March 2020

Volume: 8

Issue: 3

Electronic Location Identifier: e13561

Affiliations

[1 ] School of Nursing Jinzhou Medical University Jinzhou China

[2 ] Department of Physiology Jinzhou Medical University Jinzhou China

[3 ] Department of Physiology Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan China

Author notes

Corresponding Author: Chunguang Liang 63398880@ 123456qq.com

Author information

Ye Gao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4738-8797

Hongliang Dai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4093-8194

Guizhi Jia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-9160

Chunguang Liang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4493-6030

Tong Tong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6016-1282

Zhiyu Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8965-3213

Ruobing Song https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-5055

Qing Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4469-5791

Yue Zhu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-7657

Article

Publisher ID: v8i3e13561

DOI: 10.2196/13561

PMC ID: 7101502

PubMed ID: 32167480

SO-VID: 6573e8a0-3c3b-4167-8997-a8d948fabde0

Copyright © ©Ye Gao, Hongliang Dai, Guizhi Jia, Chunguang Liang, Tong Tong, Zhiyu Zhang, Ruobing Song, Qing Wang, Yue Zhu. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 13.03.2020.

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://mhealth.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

History

Date received : 30 January 2019

Date revision requested : 2 October 2019

Date revision received : 14 November 2019

Date accepted : 16 December 2019

Comments

Comment on this article

scite_

Cited by 16

See all cited by

Most referenced authors 278

See all reference authors

Submit your digital health research with an established publisher
- celebrating 25 years of open access