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      Reduced spontaneous but relatively normal deliberate vicarious representations in psychopathy

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          Abstract

          Psychopathy is a personality disorder associated with a profound lack of empathy. Neuroscientists have associated empathy and its interindividual variation with how strongly participants activate brain regions involved in their own actions, emotions and sensations while viewing those of others. Here we compared brain activity of 18 psychopathic offenders with 26 control subjects while viewing video clips of emotional hand interactions and while experiencing similar interactions. Brain regions involved in experiencing these interactions were not spontaneously activated as strongly in the patient group while viewing the video clips. However, this group difference was markedly reduced when we specifically instructed participants to feel with the actors in the videos. Our results suggest that psychopathy is not a simple incapacity for vicarious activations but rather reduced spontaneous vicarious activations co-existing with relatively normal deliberate counterparts.

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          Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain.

          Tania Singer, Ben Seymour, John V. O'Doherty … (2004)
          Our ability to have an experience of another's pain is characteristic of empathy. Using functional imaging, we assessed brain activity while volunteers experienced a painful stimulus and compared it to that elicited when they observed a signal indicating that their loved one--present in the same room--was receiving a similar pain stimulus. Bilateral anterior insula (AI), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), brainstem, and cerebellum were activated when subjects received pain and also by a signal that a loved one experienced pain. AI and ACC activation correlated with individual empathy scores. Activity in the posterior insula/secondary somatosensory cortex, the sensorimotor cortex (SI/MI), and the caudal ACC was specific to receiving pain. Thus, a neural response in AI and rostral ACC, activated in common for "self" and "other" conditions, suggests that the neural substrate for empathic experience does not involve the entire "pain matrix." We conclude that only that part of the pain network associated with its affective qualities, but not its sensory qualities, mediates empathy.
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            ALE meta-analysis of action observation and imitation in the human brain.

            Svenja Caspers, Karl Zilles, Angela R Laird … (2010)
            Over the last decade, many neuroimaging studies have assessed the human brain networks underlying action observation and imitation using a variety of tasks and paradigms. Nevertheless, questions concerning which areas consistently contribute to these networks irrespective of the particular experimental design and how such processing may be lateralized remain unresolved. The current study aimed at identifying cortical areas consistently involved in action observation and imitation by combining activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis with probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps. Meta-analysis of 139 functional magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography experiments revealed a bilateral network for both action observation and imitation. Additional subanalyses for different effectors within each network revealed highly comparable activation patterns to the overall analyses on observation and imitation, respectively, indicating an independence of these findings from potential confounds. Conjunction analysis of action observation and imitation meta-analyses revealed a bilateral network within frontal premotor, parietal, and temporo-occipital cortex. The most consistently rostral inferior parietal area was PFt, providing evidence for a possible homology of this region to macaque area PF. The observation and imitation networks differed particularly with respect to the involvement of Broca's area: whereas both networks involved a caudo-dorsal part of BA 44, activation during observation was most consistent in a more rostro-dorsal location, i.e., dorsal BA 45, while activation during imitation was most consistent in a more ventro-caudal aspect, i.e., caudal BA 44. The present meta-analysis thus summarizes and amends previous descriptions of the human brain networks related to action observation and imitation. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others.

              Tania Singer, Ben Seymour, John P O'Doherty … (2006)
              The neural processes underlying empathy are a subject of intense interest within the social neurosciences. However, very little is known about how brain empathic responses are modulated by the affective link between individuals. We show here that empathic responses are modulated by learned preferences, a result consistent with economic models of social preferences. We engaged male and female volunteers in an economic game, in which two confederates played fairly or unfairly, and then measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging while these same volunteers observed the confederates receiving pain. Both sexes exhibited empathy-related activation in pain-related brain areas (fronto-insular and anterior cingulate cortices) towards fair players. However, these empathy-related responses were significantly reduced in males when observing an unfair person receiving pain. This effect was accompanied by increased activation in reward-related areas, correlated with an expressed desire for revenge. We conclude that in men (at least) empathic responses are shaped by valuation of other people's social behaviour, such that they empathize with fair opponents while favouring the physical punishment of unfair opponents, a finding that echoes recent evidence for altruistic punishment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Brain
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Brain
                Journal ID (publisher-id): brainj
                Journal ID (hwp): brain
                Title: Brain
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 0006-8950
                ISSN (Electronic): 1460-2156
                Publication date (Print): August 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 July 2013
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 July 2013
                Volume: 136
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 2550-2562
                Affiliations
                1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
                2 Forensic Psychiatric Clinic Dr. S. van Mesdag, Groningen, The Netherlands
                3 Social Brain Laboratory, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                4 Department of Psychiatry University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
                5 Dr. Leo Kannerhuis, Doorwerth, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Christian Keysers Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam E-mail: c.keysers@ 123456nin.knaw.nl

                †Present address: Section of Affective and Cognitive Neuroscience, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA

                Article
                Publisher ID: awt190
                DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt190
                PMC ID: 3722356
                PubMed ID: 23884812
                SO-VID: 658e9039-6fde-48f3-80d6-c1c212b3acbe
                Copyright © © The Author (2013). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                Date received : 19 December 2012
                Date revision received : 25 March 2013
                Date accepted : 10 May 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 13
                Categories
                Subject: Original Articles

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: vicarious responses,empathy,psychopathy,functional mri
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: vicarious responses, empathy, psychopathy, functional mri

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