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      Differential Orexigenic Effects of Hexarelin and Its Analogs in the Rat Hypothalamus: Indication for Multiple Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Subtypes

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          Abstract

          We have previously reported that hexarelin and some of its analogs, including EP 50885, stimulated GH secretion and feeding after systemic administration in the rat, whereas EP 40904 selectively stimulated food intake and EP 40737 only GH release. The precise mechanism of growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) actions is still unclear, but the integrity of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) appears crucial for their endocrine effects. To better characterize the site(s) and mechanisms(s) of the orexigenic action of GHRPs, we have investigated their effects after infusion into the arcuate, paraventricular, ventromedial and medial preoptic areas of the hypothalamus. Food intake was measured for 60 min following injection of the test compound (2 µg/rat). Hexarelin, EP 40904 and EP 50885 had significant orexigenic effects after injection into the ARC. A specific NPY antagonist significantly inhibited the effect of hexarelin, whereas a GHRH antagonist was ineffective. In the paraventricular nucleus, only EP 50885 stimulated feeding, whereas all peptides were ineffective in the ventromedial nucleus and medial preoptic area. Taken altogether, these results demonstrate that GHRPs are endowed with site-specific orexigenic actions and that endogenous NPY, but not GHRH, mediates these effects. The additional orexigenic action of EP 50885 in the paraventricular nucleus suggests the existence of a GHRP receptor subtype different from the already cloned one.

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          Co-Localization of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor and NPY mRNA in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Rat

          Mette Georgi Willesen, Peter Kristensen, John Rømer (1999)
          Growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) are small, synthetic compounds which have the potential of releasing growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary. The mechanism of action of GHS has not been fully elucidated. A specific GHS receptor (GHS-R) is expressed in the pituitary gland and in several areas of the brain including the hypothalamus. We have characterized the GHS-R-mRNA-expressing neurons with respect to co-expression of selected neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus. This was done by dual chromogenic and autoradiographic in situ hybridization with riboprobes for GHS-R mRNA and neuropeptide Y (NPY), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), somatostatin (SRIH) or GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) mRNA. In the arcuate nucleus, GHS-R mRNA was expressed in 94 ± 1% of the neurons expressing NPY, 8 ± 2% of those expressing POMC and 30 ± 6% expressing SRIH mRNA. 20–25% of the GHRH- mRNA-expressing neurons contained GHS-R mRNA, whereas the vast majority of the arcuate GHS-R-mRNA-containing cells did not contain GHRH mRNA. The finding of a significant co-expression of GHS-R and NPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus is in accordance with the previous demonstration by Dickson et al. that c-Fos is induced in NPY neurons following GHS administration. These results indicate that GHS have other effects on neuroendocrine regulation than GH release via GHRH neurons. Stimulation of the arcuate NPY neurons via GHS-R may explain the increased appetite and the cortisol release seen after administration of some GHS compounds.
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            Interacting Appetite-Regulating Pathways in the Hypothalamic Regulation of Body Weight

            S P Kalra (1999)
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              An arcuato-paraventricular and -dorsomedial hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-containing system which lacks noradrenaline in the rat.

              F.L. Bai, M Yamano, Y Shiotani … (1985)
              The origins of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive (NPYI) fibers in the paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei of the rat were examined using immunohistochemistry. Destruction of the arcuate nucleus resulted in a marked decrease of NPYI fibers ipsilaterally in these nuclei, suggesting that most of NPYI fibers in these nuclei originate from NPYI neurons in the arcuate nucleus. These NPYI systems did not contain noradrenalin.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NEN
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neuroendocrinology
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0028-3835
                Title: Neuroendocrinology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 0028-3835
                ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0194
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2000
                Publication date (Print): December 2000
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 December 2000
                Volume: 72
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 327-332
                Affiliations
                aDepartment of Experimental and Environmental Medicine and Biotechnologies, University of Milano-Bicocca, bDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Italy; cEuropeptides, Argenteuil, France; dDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Milano, Italy
                Article
                Publisher ID: 54601 Other ID: Neuroendocrinology 2000;72:327–332
                DOI: 10.1159/000054601
                PubMed ID: 11146415
                SO-VID: 6594ca7b-65b9-4202-bffb-3e7aa8b2776f
                Copyright © © 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

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                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, References: 35, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Subject: Regulation of Growth Hormone and Food Intake

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Growth hormone-releasing hormone,Growth hormone secretagogues,Growth hormone secretagogue receptors,Hexarelin,Food intake,Paraventricular nucleus,Arcuate nucleus,Neuropeptide Y
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes, Neurology, Nutrition & Dietetics, Sexual medicine, Internal medicine, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Growth hormone-releasing hormone, Growth hormone secretagogues, Growth hormone secretagogue receptors, Hexarelin, Food intake, Paraventricular nucleus, Arcuate nucleus, Neuropeptide Y

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