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      Opportunities for big data in conservation and sustainability

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          Abstract

          Big data reveals new, stark pictures of the state of our environments. It also reveals ‘bright spots’ amongst the broad pattern of decline and—crucially—the key conditions for these cases. Big data analyses could benefit the planet if tightly coupled with ongoing sustainability efforts.

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          High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change.

          M. Hansen, P. Potapov, R. Moore … (2013)
          Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.
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            Four billion people facing severe water scarcity

            Mesfin Mekonnen, Arjen Hoekstra (2016)
            Global water scarcity assessment at a high spatial and temporal resolution, accounting for environmental flow requirements.
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              China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management

              Chi Chen†, Taejin Park, Xuhui Wang … (2019)
              Satellite data show increasing leaf area of vegetation due to direct (human land-use management) and indirect factors (climate change, CO2 fertilization, nitrogen deposition, recovery from natural disturbances, etc.). Among these, climate change and CO2 fertilization effect seem to be the dominant drivers. However, recent satellite data (2000–2017) reveal a greening pattern that is strikingly prominent in China and India, and overlapping with croplands world-wide. China alone accounts for 25% of the global net increase in leaf area with only 6.6% of global vegetated area. The greening in China is from forests (42%) and croplands (32%), but in India is mostly from croplands (82%) with minor contribution from forests (4.4%). China is engineering ambitious programs to conserve and expand forests with the goal of mitigating land degradation, air pollution and climate change. Food production in China and India has increased by over 35% since 2000 mostly due to increasing harvested area through multiple cropping facilitated by fertilizer use and surface/ground-water irrigation. Our results indicate that the direct factor is a key driver of the “Greening Earth”, accounting for over a third, and likely more, of the observed net increase in green leaf area. They highlight the need for realistic representation of human land-use practices in Earth system models.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Rebecca K. Runting: rebecca.runting@unimelb.edu.au
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nat Commun
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat Commun
                Title: Nature Communications
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2041-1723
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 April 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 April 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2003
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2179 088X, GRID grid.1008.9, School of Geography, , The University of Melbourne, ; Parkville, VIC Australia
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, GRID grid.1003.2, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, , The University of Queensland, ; Brisbane, QLD Australia
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2156 9982, GRID grid.266876.b, Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, , University of Northern British Columbia, ; Prince George, BC Canada
                [4 ]Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, NY USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2605-6104
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4942-1984
                Article
                Publisher ID: 15870
                DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15870-0
                PMC ID: 7181767
                PubMed ID: 32332744
                SO-VID: 65ae0b31-c8ae-43c7-b040-958ed2945133
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 6 February 2020
                Date accepted : 1 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Comment
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: environmental sciences,policy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: environmental sciences, policy

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