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      Déficit de atención con hiperactividad: Perspectiva desde Atención Primaria Translated title: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder from the point of view of the primary care pediatrician

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          Abstract

          Introducción: el déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico común en la infancia y en la adolescencia. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que muestren la situación actual de este trastorno desde la perspectiva del pediatra de Atención Primaria. Material y métodos: a fecha de 1 de julio de 2011, fueron seleccionados los pacientes de edad comprendida entre 6 y 14 años de edad controlados en el centro de salud de Catarroja que presentaban el diagnóstico de TDAH. A partir de la historia clínica se procedió a la recogida de datos del paciente, de los profesionales involucrados en el diagnóstico, del tratamiento y del seguimiento. Resultados: de los 2466 niños entre 6 y 14 años de edad registrados, 47 estaban diagnosticados de TDAH (1,9%). La mayoría de los pacientes fueron remitidos desde Pediatría de Atención Primaria para ser estudiados por Neuropediatría y/o Psiquiatría infantil. El tratamiento más extendido fue el metilfenidato (87%), seguido de atomoxetina (4%). Se realizaron exploraciones complementarias al 32% de los pacientes durante el seguimiento, para descartar otras causas de los síntomas. La existencia de comorbilidades asociadas fue similar a la encontrada en otros estudios. La evolución fue favorable en la mayoría de los pacientes en los que se registró la evolución (36%). Conclusión: la prevalencia de TDAH encontrada en nuestra área ha sido baja, probablemente debido al diseño del estudio. Los pacientes son diagnosticados y tratados mayoritariamente por las especialidades de Neuropediatría y/o Psiquiatría infantil. Algunos de los pacientes son tratados por el pediatra de cabecera, tendencia que esperamos siga en aumento.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavorial disorder in children and adolescents. However there are not studies about this condition from the standpoint of the primary care pediatrician. Material and methods: on July 2011 the patients with the diagnosis of ADHD and between 6 to 12 years of age were selected at the Catarroja Health Center (Valencia). Patient data from the clinical history were recorded and who was the professional that made the diagnosis, treatment and follow up. Results: forty-seven children were diagnosed of ADHD from a total of 2466 (prevalence rate 1.9%). Most of them were referred from the primary care pediatrician to the pediatric neurologist or psychiatrist. The most common treatment was methylphenidate followed by atomoxetine. Complementary tests were performed in 32% of the patients to rule out alternative causes for the symptoms. The coexisting conditions found were similar to other reports. The outcome of the patients, when reported, was satisfactory in most of them (36%). Conclusions: the prevalence found in our area is low, probably due to the study design. Patients are diagnosed and treated frequently by the pediatric neurologist or psychiatrist. Some of the cases are treated by the pediatrician, tendency that we hope to be increased.

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          Comorbidity in ADHD: implications for research, practice, and DSM-V.

          Since the introduction of DSM-III/III-R, clinicians and investigators have shown increasing interest in the study of conditions comorbid with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Better understanding ADHD comorbidity patterns is needed to guide treatment, research and future classification approaches. The ADHD literature from the past 15 years was reviewed to (1) explore the most prevalent patterns of ADHD comorbidity; (2) examine the correlates and longitudinal predictors of comorbidity; and (3) determine the extent to which comorbid patterns convey unique information concerning ADHD etiology, treatment and outcomes. To identify potential new syndromes, the authors examined comorbid patterns based on eight validational criteria. The largest available body of literature concerned the comorbidity with ADHD and conduct disorder/aggression, with a substantially smaller amount of data concerning other comorbid conditions. In many areas the literature was sparse, and pertinent questions concerning comorbidity patterns remain unexplored. Nonetheless available data warrant the delineation of two new subclassifications of ADHD: (1) ADHD aggressive subtype, and (2) ADHD, anxious subtype. Additional studies of the frequency of comorbidity and associated factors are greatly needed to include studies of differential effects of treatment of children with various comorbid ADHD disorders, as well as of ADHD children who differ on etiological factors.
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            Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American Academy of Pediatrics.

            This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations for the assessment and diagnosis of school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This guideline, the first of 2 sets of guidelines to provide recommendations on this condition, is intended for use by primary care clinicians working in primary care settings. The second set of guidelines will address the issue of treatment of children with ADHD. The Committee on Quality Improvement of the American Academy of Pediatrics selected a committee composed of pediatricians and other experts in the fields of neurology, psychology, child psychiatry, development, and education, as well as experts from epidemiology and pediatric practice. In addition, this panel consists of experts in education and family practice. The panel worked with Technical Resources International, Washington, DC, under the auspices of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, to develop the evidence base of literature on this topic. The resulting evidence report was used to formulate recommendations for evaluation of the child with ADHD. Major issues contained within the guideline address child and family assessment; school assessment, including the use of various rating scales; and conditions seen frequently among children with ADHD. Information is also included on the use of current diagnostic coding strategies. The deliberations of the committee were informed by a systematic review of evidence about prevalence, coexisting conditions, and diagnostic tests. Committee decisions were made by consensus where definitive evidence was not available. The committee report underwent review by sections of the American Academy of Pediatrics and external organizations before approval by the Board of Directors. The guideline contains the following recommendations for diagnosis of ADHD: 1) in a child 6 to 12 years old who presents with inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, academic underachievement, or behavior problems, primary care clinicians should initiate an evaluation for ADHD; 2) the diagnosis of ADHD requires that a child meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria; 3) the assessment of ADHD requires evidence directly obtained from parents or caregivers regarding the core symptoms of ADHD in various settings, the age of onset, duration of symptoms, and degree of functional impairment; 4) the assessment of ADHD requires evidence directly obtained from the classroom teacher (or other school professional) regarding the core symptoms of ADHD, duration of symptoms, degree of functional impairment, and associated conditions; 5) evaluation of the child with ADHD should include assessment for associated (coexisting) conditions; and 6) other diagnostic tests are not routinely indicated to establish the diagnosis of ADHD but may be used for the assessment of other coexisting conditions (eg, learning disabilities and mental retardation). This clinical practice guideline is not intended as a sole source of guidance in the evaluation of children with ADHD. Rather, it is designed to assist primary care clinicians by providing a framework for diagnostic decisionmaking. It is not intended to replace clinical judgment or to establish a protocol for all children with this condition and may not provide the only appropriate approach to this problem.
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              Estudio psicométrico-clínico de prevalencia y comorbilidad del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en Castilla y León (España)

              Objetivo: determinar la tasa de prevalencia y comorbilidad del trastorno por déficit de atención con o sin hiperactividad (TDAH) en escolares de 6 a 16 años de Castilla y León (España). Material y métodos: estudio poblacional con diseño de muestra polietápico estratificado, proporcional y por conglomerados. Población diana: 212.657. Muestra: 1.095. Se implementó una primera fase psicométrica (Attention-Deficit/Hiperactivity Disorder Rating Scales IV para padres y profesores) y una segunda fase de confirmación clínica según criterios DSM-IV. La comorbilidad se estudió mediante el Child Symptom Inventory y confirmación clínica DSM-IV. Resultados: indican una tasa global de prevalencia del 6,66% (IC 95%: 5,1-8,1%), de los cuales el 1% fueron del subtipo hiperactivo, el 1,27% del subtipo inatento y el 4,38% del sub-tipo combinado. La tasa de prevalencia en el sexo masculino (8,97%) es significativamente superior a la del sexo femenino (4,17%). No aparecen diferencias significativas por cursos, ni por tipo de centro, ni por zona. La tasa de prevalencia en educación primaria (6,8%) es similar a la de educación secundaria (6,48%). El 71% de los casos de TDAH presenta algún tipo de comorbilidad, con un 46% en trastornos de ansiedad, 31% trastornos de comportamiento, 9% trastornos de estado de ánimo, 10% trastornos por tics y 12% enuresis. Los casos de TDAH presentan significativamente peores resultados académicos y peor conducta en clase. Conclusiones: Castilla y León tiene una prevalencia de TDAH próxima a la media mundial, cuyos casos presentan alta comorbilidad y afectación significativa en el rendimiento académico y comportamiento escolar.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid )
                1139-7632
                September 2012
                : 14
                : 55
                : 225-229
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro de Salud de Catarroja Spain
                Article
                S1139-76322012000400008
                10.4321/s1139-76322012000400008
                65db1c36-a159-465c-9198-a8674ab1c178

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PEDIATRICS

                Pediatrics
                Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,Déficit de atención con hiperactividad,Diagnóstico,Tratamiento,Atención Primaria,Prevalence,Treatment,Diagnosis,Primary Care,Prevalencia

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