Scrub Typhus and Its Causative Agent,  Orientia tsutsugamushi

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Abstract

The obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi is responsible for more than one million cases of scrub typhus annually throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Human infection occurs via the bite of the larval form (chigger) of several species of trombiculid mites. While in some patients the result of infection is a mild, febrile illness, others experience severe complications, which may even be fatal. This review discusses the genome and biology of the causative agent, the changing epidemiology of scrub typhus, the challenges of its diagnosis, and current treatment recommendations.

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Dennis A Benson, Ilene Karsch-Mizrachi, David Lipman … (2009)

GenBank® is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available nucleotide sequences for more than 300 000 organisms named at the genus level or lower, obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects. Most submissions are made using the web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs, and accession numbers are assigned by GenBank® staff upon receipt. Daily data exchange with the European Molecular Biology Laboratory Nucleotide Sequence Database in Europe and the DNA Data Bank of Japan ensures worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez retrieval system, which integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome, mapping, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of the GenBank database are available by FTP. To access GenBank and its related retrieval and analysis services, begin at the NCBI Homepage: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

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Scrub typhus: the geographic distribution of phenotypic and genotypic variants of Orientia tsutsugamushi.

John Kelly, John Fuerst, Terence Han-Wei Ching … (2009)

Orientia tsutsugamushi is the etiological agent of scrub typhus, an acute, mite-borne, febrile illness that occurs in the Asia-Pacific region. Historically, strain characterization used serological analysis and revealed dramatic antigenic diversity. Eyeing a recommendation of potential vaccine candidates for broad protection, we review geographic diversity and serological and DNA prevalences. DNA analysis together with immunological analysis suggest that the prototype Karp strain and closely related strains are the most common throughout the region of endemicity. According to serological analysis, approximately 50% of isolates are seroreactive to Karp antisera, and approximately one-quarter of isolates are seroreactive to antisera against the prototype Gilliam strain. Molecular methods reveal greater diversity. By molecular methods, strains phylogenetically similar to Karp make up approximately 40% of all genotyped isolates, followed by the JG genotype group (Japan strains serotypically similar to the Gilliam strain but genetically non-Gilliam; 18% of all genotyped isolates). Three other genotype groups (Kato-related, Kawasaki-like, and TA763-like) each represent approximately 10% of genotyped isolates. Strains genetically similar to the Gilliam strain make up only 5% of isolates. Strains from these groups should be included in any potential vaccine.

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Reductive evolution of resident genomes.

Siv G.E. Andersson, Charles Kurland (1998)

Small, asexual populations are expected to accumulate deleterious substitutions and deletions in an irreversible manner, which in the long-term will lead to mutational meltdown and genome decay. Here, we discuss the influence of such reductive processes on the evolution of genomes that replicate within the domain of a host genome.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Sunil Thomas: +11646-331-8232 , suntom2@gmail.com

Gemma Vincent: gvince@barwonhealth.org.au

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): 978-3-319-46859-4

Journal ID (doi): 10.1007/978-3-319-46859-4

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Rickettsiales

Title: Rickettsiales

Subtitle: Biology, Molecular Biology, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development

ISBN (Print): 978-3-319-46857-0

ISBN (Electronic): 978-3-319-46859-4

Publication date (Electronic): 13 September 2016

Pages: 329-372

Affiliations

ISNI 0000 0004 0422 4722, GRID grid.280695.0, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, ; Wynnewood, Pennsylvania USA

GRID grid.415335.5, ISNI 0000000085604604, Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, , University Hospital Geelong, ; Bellerine Street, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia

Article

Publisher ID: 16

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46859-4_16

PMC ID: 7123480

SO-VID: 65e44c9d-2be5-403a-a61a-ac6f7c3c0060

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This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Keywords: orientia,scrub typhus,trombiculid mite,56-kda antigen,serotypes,intracellular,diagnosis,eschar,epidemiology,treatment

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Keywords: orientia, scrub typhus, trombiculid mite, 56-kda antigen, serotypes, intracellular, diagnosis, eschar, epidemiology, treatment

Scrub Typhus and Its Causative Agent, Orientia tsutsugamushi

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Open source discrete and agent-based modeling frameworks for biology

Most cited references 278

GenBank

Scrub typhus: the geographic distribution of phenotypic and genotypic variants of Orientia tsutsugamushi.

Reductive evolution of resident genomes.

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