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      The use of Facebook in medical education – A literature review Translated title: Der Einsatz von Facebook in der medizinischen Ausbildung – Ein systematischer Literaturüberblick

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          Abstract

          Background: The vogue of social media has changed interpersonal communication as well as learning and teaching opportunities in medical education. The most popular social media tool is Facebook. Its features provide potentially useful support for the education of medical students but it also means that some new challenges will have to be faced.

          Aims: This review aimed to find out how Facebook has been integrated into medical education. A systematical review of the current literature and grade of evidence is provided, research gaps are identified, links to prior reviews are drawn and implications for the future are discussed.

          Method: The authors searched six databases. Inclusion criteria were defined and the authors independently reviewed the search results. The key information of the articles included was methodically abstracted and coded, synthesized and discussed in the categories study design, study participants’phase of medical education and study content.

          Results: 16 articles met all inclusion criteria. 45-96% of health care professionals in all phases of their medical education have a Facebook profile. Most studies focused on Facebook and digital professionalism. Unprofessional behavior and privacy violations occurred in 0.02% to 16%. In terms of learning and teaching environment, Facebook is well accepted by medical students. It is used to prepare for exams, share online material, discuss clinical cases, organize face-to-face sessions and exchange information on clerkships. A few educational materials to teach Facebook professionalism were positively evaluated. There seems to be no conclusive evidence as to whether medical students benefit from Facebook as a learning environment on higher competence levels.

          Discussion: Facebook influences a myriad of aspects of health care professionals, particularly at undergraduate and graduate level in medical education. Despite an increasing number of interventions, there is a lack of conclusive evidence in terms of its educational effectiveness. Furthermore, we suggest that digital professionalism be integrated in established and emerging competency-based catalogues.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund: Die Verbreitung sozialer Medien beeinflusst und verändert die Kommunikationskultur sowie die Lern- und Lehrmöglichkeiten in der medizinischen Ausbildung. Das beliebteste soziale Netzwerk ist Facebook. Seine Eigenschaften bieten ein großes Potenzial für die medizinische Ausbildung, bringen aber auch einige neue Herausforderungen mit sich.

          Ziele: Dieser systematische Literaturüberblick zielt darauf ab, herauszufinden, wie Facebook bisher in der medizinischen Ausbildung integriert, eingesetzt und beforscht wurde. Nach einer systematischen Durchsicht der aktuellen Literatur, werden Forschungslücken identifiziert, Verbindungen zu vorherigen Arbeiten gezogen, die bisherigen Ergebnisse systematisch analysiert und Konsequenzen diskutiert.

          Methode: Die Autoren durchsuchten sechs online-basierte Literatur-Datenbanken. Sie definierten Einschlusskriterien und überprüften unabhängig voneinander die Suchergebnisse. Die wichtigsten Informationen der Artikel wurden methodisch abstrahiert und kodiert und in den Kategorien Studiendesign, Phase der Studienteilnehmer in der medizinischen Ausbildung und Studieninhalt dargestellt und diskutiert.

          Ergebnisse: 16 Artikel erfüllten alle Einschlusskriterien. 45-96% der Mediziner und Medizinstudierenden haben ein Facebook-Profil. Die meisten Studien konzentrierten sich auf Facebook und digitale Professionalität. Unprofessionelles Verhalten und Verstöße gegen den Datenschutz traten in 0,02% bis 16% der Fälle auf. In Hinblick auf den Einsatz als Lehr- und Lernumgebung wird Facebook von Medizinstudierenden gut akzeptiert. Es wird verwendet, um sich für Prüfungen vorzubereiten, Online-Materialien zu teilen, klinische Fälle zu diskutieren, Treffen zu organisieren und Informationen über Famulaturen auszutauschen. Einige Unterrichtsmaterialien für den professionellen Umgang mit Facebook wurden positiv beurteilt. Es scheint allerdings keine Beweise dafür zu geben, dass Medizinstudierende von Facebook als Lernumgebung profitieren und ihr Kompetenzniveau dadurch steigern.

          Diskussion: Facebook beeinflusst eine Vielzahl von Aspekten der Gesundheitsberufe, insbesondere in der medizinischen Ausbildung. Trotz einer zunehmenden Zahl von Interventionen, gibt es einen Mangel an überzeugenden Beweisen an der pädagogischen Wirksamkeit von Facebook. Darüber hinaus schlagen die Autoren vor, digitale Professionalität in etablierte und an Wichtigkeit gewinnende Kompetenz-basierte Kataloge für Mediziner zu integrieren.

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          Most cited references30

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          Social media use in medical education: a systematic review.

          The authors conducted a systematic review of the published literature on social media use in medical education to answer two questions: (1) How have interventions using social media tools affected outcomes of satisfaction, knowledge, attitudes, and skills for physicians and physicians-in-training? and (2) What challenges and opportunities specific to social media have educators encountered in implementing these interventions? The authors searched the MEDLINE, CINAHL, ERIC, Embase, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases (from the start of each through September 12, 2011) using keywords related to social media and medical education. Two authors independently reviewed the search results to select peer-reviewed, English-language articles discussing social media use in educational interventions at any level of physician training. They assessed study quality using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. Fourteen studies met inclusion criteria. Interventions using social media tools were associated with improved knowledge (e.g., exam scores), attitudes (e.g., empathy), and skills (e.g., reflective writing). The most commonly reported opportunities related to incorporating social media tools were promoting learner engagement (71% of studies), feedback (57%), and collaboration and professional development (both 36%). The most commonly cited challenges were technical issues (43%), variable learner participation (43%), and privacy/security concerns (29%). Studies were generally of low to moderate quality; there was only one randomized controlled trial. Social media use in medical education is an emerging field of scholarship that merits further investigation. Educators face challenges in adapting new technologies, but they also have opportunities for innovation.
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            Privacy, professionalism and Facebook: a dilemma for young doctors.

            This study aimed to examine the nature and extent of use of the social networking service Facebook by young medical graduates, and their utilisation of privacy options. We carried out a cross-sectional survey of the use of Facebook by recent medical graduates, accessing material potentially available to a wider public. Data were then categorised and analysed. Survey subjects were 338 doctors who had graduated from the University of Otago in 2006 and 2007 and were registered with the Medical Council of New Zealand. Main outcome measures were Facebook membership, utilisation of privacy options, and the nature and extent of the material revealed. A total of 220 (65%) graduates had Facebook accounts; 138 (63%) of these had activated their privacy options, restricting their information to 'Friends'. Of the remaining 82 accounts that were more publicly available, 30 (37%) revealed users' sexual orientation, 13 (16%) revealed their religious views, 35 (43%) indicated their relationship status, 38 (46%) showed photographs of the users drinking alcohol, eight (10%) showed images of the users intoxicated and 37 (45%) showed photographs of the users engaged in healthy behaviours. A total of 54 (66%) members had used their accounts within the last week, indicating active use. Young doctors are active members of Facebook. A quarter of the doctors in our survey sample did not use the privacy options, rendering the information they revealed readily available to a wider public. This information, although it included some healthy behaviours, also revealed personal information that might cause distress to patients or alter the professional boundary between patient and practitioner, as well as information that could bring the profession into disrepute (e.g. belonging to groups like 'Perverts united'). Educators and regulators need to consider how best to advise students and doctors on societal changes in the concepts of what is public and what is private.
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              Conducting systematic reviews in medical education: a stepwise approach.

              As medical education research continues to proliferate, evidence syntheses will become increasingly important. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise and practical guide to the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews.   (i) Define a focused question addressing the population, intervention, comparison (if any) and outcomes. (ii) Evaluate whether a systematic review is appropriate to answer the question. Systematic and non-systematic approaches are complementary; the former summarise research on focused topics and highlight strengths and weaknesses in existing bodies of evidence, whereas the latter integrate research from diverse fields and identify new insights. (iii) Assemble a team and write a study protocol. (iv) Search for eligible studies using multiple databases (MEDLINE alone is insufficient) and other resources (article reference lists, author files, content experts). Expert assistance is helpful. (v) Decide on the inclusion or exclusion of each identified study, ideally in duplicate, using explicitly defined criteria. (vi) Abstract key information (including on study design, participants, intervention and comparison features, and outcomes) for each included article, ideally in duplicate. (vii) Analyse and synthesise the results by narrative or quantitative pooling, investigating heterogeneity, and exploring the validity and assumptions of the review itself. In addition to the seven key steps, the authors provide, information on electronic tools to facilitate the review process, practical tips to facilitate the reporting process and an annotated bibliography. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Z Med Ausbild
                GMS Z Med Ausbild
                GMS Z Med Ausbild
                GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1860-7446
                1860-3572
                15 August 2014
                2014
                : 31
                : 3
                : Doc33
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Klinikum der LMU München, Institut für Didaktik und Ausbildungsforschung in der Medizin, München, Germany
                [2 ]Klinikum der LMU München, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, München, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Severin Pinilla, Klinikum der LMU München, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 München, Germany, E-mail: severin.pinilla@ 123456med.uni-muenchen.de
                Article
                zma000925 Doc33 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0009259
                10.3205/zma000925
                4152997
                25228935
                6634f0bf-46f6-4402-9142-bd0e3a3eaad9
                Copyright © 2014 Pander et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 04 December 2013
                : 05 June 2014
                : 26 May 2014
                Categories
                Article

                Medicine
                medical education (mesh [i02.358.399]),social media,facebook
                Medicine
                medical education (mesh [i02.358.399]), social media, facebook

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