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      A shift in women’s health? Older workers’ self-reported health and employment settings during the COVID-19 pandemic

      research-article
      1 , 2
      The European Journal of Public Health
      Oxford University Press

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          Abstract

          Background

          The first wave of COVID-19 has had a massive impact on work arrangements settings in many European countries with potential effects on health that are likely to vary across gender.

          Methods

          Focusing on the workforce aged 50 and over in 27 European countries using data from SHARE wave 8 (N = 11,221), the study applies a generalized logit mixed-effects model to assess the relationship between negative and positive change in self-reported health since the start of the pandemic and change in employment settings using an interaction effect between gender and employment arrangements to distinguish their specific association by gender after controlling for socio-economic covariates and multicollinearity.

          Results

          Female respondents have higher probabilities to declare a positive health when working fully or partially from home or when temporarily and permanently unemployed. However, introducing the main effect of gender exacerbates discrepancies and such benefits fade away. Differences across countries do not significantly change the estimates.

          Conclusion

          The benefits of work arrangements to improve women’s health during the first wave of COVID-19 have not compensated the negative effect of gender discrepancies exacerbated by the pandemic to the extent that employment arrangements have no role, or just a negative impact, in modulating them.

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          Most cited references36

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          Unemployment in the time of COVID-19: A research agenda ☆

          This essay represents the collective vision of a group of scholars in vocational psychology who have sought to develop a research agenda in response to the massive global unemployment crisis that has been evoked by the COVID-19 pandemic. The research agenda includes exploring how this unemployment crisis may differ from previous unemployment periods; examining the nature of the grief evoked by the parallel loss of work and loss of life; recognizing and addressing the privilege of scholars; examining the inequality that underlies the disproportionate impact of the crisis on poor and working class communities; developing a framework for evidence-based interventions for unemployed individuals; and examining the work-family interface and unemployment among youth.
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            True health vs response styles: exploring cross-country differences in self-reported health.

            The aim of this paper is to decompose cross-national differences in self-reported general health into parts explained by differences in 'true' health, measured by diagnosed conditions and measurements, and parts explained by cross-cultural differences in response styles. The data used were drawn from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe 2004 (SHARE), using information from 22 731 individuals aged 50 and over from 10 European countries. Self-rated general health shows large cross-country variations. According to their self-reports, the healthiest respondents live in the Scandinavian countries and the least healthy live in Southern Europe. Counterfactual self-reported health distributions that assume identical response styles in each country show much less variation in self-reports than factual self-reports. Danish and Swedish respondents tend to largely over-rate their health (relative to the average) whereas Germans tend to under-rate their health. If differences in reporting styles are taken into account, cross-country variations in general health are reduced but not eliminated. Failing to account for differences in reporting styles may yield misleading results. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              Self-rated health: a predictor of mortality among the elderly.

              Data from the Manitoba Longitudinal Study on Aging (MLSA) were used to test the hypothesis that self-rated health (SRH) is a predictor of mortality independent of "objective health status" (OHS). Subjects were a random sample of non-institutionalized residents of Manitoba aged 65+ in 1971 (n = 3,128). A single item measure of SRH was obtained during a survey conducted in 1971; a baseline measure of OHS was derived from physician and self-reported conditions and health service utilization data. Occurrence and date of death during the years 1971-1977 were known. Analyses of the data revealed that, controlling for OHS, age, sex, life satisfaction, income and urban/rural residence, the risk of early mortality (1971-1973) and late mortality (1974-1977) for persons whose SRH was poor was 2.92 and 2.77 times that of those whose SRH was excellent. This increased risk of death associated with poor self-rated health was greater than that associated with poor OHS, poor life satisfaction, low income and being male. These findings provide empirical support for the long held, but inadequately substantiated, belief that the way a person views his health is importantly related to subsequent health outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Public Health
                Eur J Public Health
                eurpub
                The European Journal of Public Health
                Oxford University Press
                1101-1262
                1464-360X
                27 November 2021
                27 November 2021
                : ckab204
                Affiliations
                [1 ] MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London , London, UK
                [2 ] METICES Centre & Centre de Droit Public, Université libre de Bruxelles , Brussels, Belgium
                Author notes
                Correspondence: J. Wels, MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK, Tel: +44 (0) 75 53 066151, Fax: +44 (0) 20 7580 1501, e-mail: jcqwels@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7844-1082
                Article
                ckab204
                10.1093/eurpub/ckab204
                8690156
                34849740
                66514a7d-3b00-4b2f-9965-21fd50a2dbb0
                © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved.

                This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model ( https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

                History
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Categories
                Original Manuscript
                AcademicSubjects/MED00860
                AcademicSubjects/SOC01210
                AcademicSubjects/SOC02610
                Custom metadata
                corrected-proof
                PAP

                Public health
                Public health

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