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      Preparation of polyphosphazenes: a tutorial review

      review-article
      a , b ,
      Chemical Society Reviews
      Royal Society of Chemistry

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          Abstract

          The essentials of the synthetic chemistry of poly(organo)phosphazenes are detailed in this tutorial review, with a particular focus on the recent advances in this field.

          Abstract

          Poly(organo)phosphazenes are a family of inorganic molecular hybrid polymers with very diverse properties due to the vast array of organic substituents possible. This tutorial review aims to introduce the basics of the synthetic chemistry of polyphosphazenes, detailing for readers outside the field the essential knowledge required to design and prepare polyphosphazenes with desired properties. A particular focus is given to some of the recent advances in their chemical synthesis which allows not only the preparation of polyphosphazenes with controlled molecular weights and polydispersities, but also novel branched architectures and block copolymers. We also discuss the preparation of supramolecular structures, bioconjugates and in situ forming gels from this diverse family of functional materials. This tutorial review aims to equip the reader to prepare defined polyphosphazenes with unique property combinations and in doing so we hope to stimulate further research and yet more innovative applications for these highly interesting multifaceted materials.

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          Most cited references33

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          Organic Catalysis for Ring-Opening Polymerization

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            Magnetic particle-loaded polymer brushes induced by external magnetic field: A Monte Carlo simulation

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              Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] is a potent adjuvant for intradermal immunization.

              Intradermal immunization using microfabricated needles represents a potentially powerful technology, which can enhance immune responses and provide antigen sparing. Solid vaccine formulations, which can be coated onto microneedle patches suitable for simple administration, can also potentially offer improved shelf-life. However the approach is not fully compatible with many vaccine adjuvants including alum, the most common adjuvant used in the vaccine market globally. Here, we introduce a polyphosphazene immuno adjuvant as a biologically potent and synergistic constituent of microneedle-based intradermal immunization technology. Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene], PCPP, functions both as a vaccine adjuvant and as a key microfabrication material. When used as part of an intradermal delivery system for hepatitis B surface antigen, PCPP demonstrates superior activity in pigs compared to intramascular administration and significant antigen sparing potential. It also accelerates the microneedle fabrication process and reduces its dependence on the use of surfactants. In this way, PCPP-coated microneedles may enable effective intradermal vaccination from an adjuvanted patch delivery system.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Chem Soc Rev
                Chem Soc Rev
                Chemical Society Reviews
                Royal Society of Chemistry
                0306-0012
                1460-4744
                7 October 2016
                17 June 2016
                : 45
                : 19
                : 5200-5215
                Affiliations
                [a ] NanoScience Technology Center , University of Central Florida , 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400 , Orlando , FL 32826 , USA
                [b ] Institute of Polymer Chemistry , Johannes Kepler University , Altenberger Strasse 69 , 4040 Linz , Austria . Email: Ian.teasdale@ 123456jku.at
                Author notes

                †This author was formerly S. Wilfert.

                Article
                c6cs00340k
                10.1039/c6cs00340k
                5048340
                27314867
                665e85fe-d3dd-424c-bc6f-3b9a92afb432
                This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 April 2016
                Categories
                Chemistry

                Chemistry
                Chemistry

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