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      Assoziation von Neurodermitis und Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit/Hyperaktivitäts-Syndrom : Meta-Analyse aktueller epidemiologischer Studien

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          Abstract

          Fragestellung: Die Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit/Hyperaktivitäts-Störung (ADHS) und Neurodermitis sind häufige Erkrankungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters von fächerübergreifender Versorgungsrelevanz. Seit Jahren wird ein möglicher Zusammenhang von Erkrankungen des atopischen Formenkreises und ADHS diskutiert. Methodik: Anhand von je zwei Querschnittsstudien und Geburtskohortenstudien analysierten wir den Zusammenhang von Neurodermitis und ADHS unter Berücksichtigung von Umwelt- und Lifestylefaktoren sowie atopischen Komorbiditäten. Zur Quantifizierung der Assoziation von aktueller oder früherer Neurodermitis und ADHS wurden eine Meta-Analyse durchgeführt unter Verwendung für Alter, Geschlecht und atopische Komorbidität adjustierter Odds Ratios (OR). Ergebnisse: Unsere Daten deuten konsistent auf eine von Umweltexpositionen, soziodemographischen Faktoren und Komorbiditäten unabhängige Assoziation von Neurodermitis und ADHS (OR [95 %] 1.43 [1.25–1.64]) hin, wobei insbesondere die frühkindliche Neurodermitis mit einer späteren Manifestation von ADHS-Symptomen assoziiert zu sein scheint. Schlafstörungen aufgrund der Neurodermitis scheinen für die Assoziation relevant zu sein. Diskussion: Neue epidemiologische Studien deuten konsistent auf eine Assoziation von Neurodermitis und ADHS hin. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass ein Kind mit früherer oder aktueller Neurodermitis die Diagnose ADHS oder klinische ADHS-Symptome aufweist, ist um etwa 43 % erhöht. Nun gilt es die Mechanismen zu erforschen, die der Assoziation von Neurodermitis und ADHS zugrunde liegen. In der Perspektive könnten darauf aufbauend gezielt Therapie- und Präventionsstrategien entwickelt werden.

          Association of atopic eczema and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies

          Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are frequent paediatric conditions with high medical relevance. A possible relationship between atopic diseases (i.e., AD, asthma, and allergic rhinitis) has long been discussed, but convincing evidence is still missing. Methods: We investigated the relationship between AD and ADHD in two cross-sectional studies and in two birth cohort studies considering lifestyle factors, environmental factors, and atopic comorbidities as potential confounders. To quantify the strength of association between AD and ADHD, data from the four epidemiologic studies were summarized by means of a meta-analysis. Odds ratios (OR) were pooled for the association between prevalent or previous AD and prevalent ADHD from the four studies adjusted for age, sex, and atopic comorbidity (allergic rhinitis, asthma). Results: The epidemiologic studies conducted consistently indicate an association between AD and ADHD which is independent of environmental exposures and other comorbidities. Particularly infant AD appears to be associated with later development of ADHD symptoms. Sleeping problems due to AD are suggested as playing an important role for the observed association between AD and ADHD. The pooled OR (95 % confidence interval (95 %CI)) for the association between AD and ADHD was 1.43 (1.25–1.64). Discussion: Four new epidemiologic studies consistently indicate a positive association between AD and ADHD. Compared to children without AD, children with previous or prevalent AD have an approximately 43 % increased risk to be diagnosed with ADHD or to display clinical ADHD symptoms. Following our findings, the biological mechanisms underlying the observed comorbidity between AD and ADHD require further investigation in order to subsequently develop targeted therapeutic and preventive strategies.

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          Most cited references25

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          Clinical practice. Atopic dermatitis.

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            Is atopic disease a risk factor for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A systematic review.

            The increase in prevalence and burden of atopic diseases, i.e. eczema, rhinitis, and asthma over the past decades was paralleled by a worldwide increase in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses. We systematically reviewed epidemiologic studies investigating the relationship between atopic diseases and ADHD. Electronic literature search in PubMed and PsycINFO (until 02/2010) supplemented by handsearch yielded 20 relevant studies totaling 170,175 individuals. Relevant data were abstracted independently by two reviewers. Six studies consistently reported a positive association between eczema and ADHD with one study suggesting effect modification by sleeping problems. Twelve studies consistently found a positive association between asthma and ADHD, which, however, appeared to be at least partly explained (confounded) by concurrent or previous eczema. Rhinitis and serum-IgE level were not related to ADHD symptomatology. We conclude that not atopic disease in general, but rather that eczema appears to be independently related to ADHD. Conclusions about temporality and whether the observed association constitutes a causal relationship are impossible, as most studies were cross-sectional (n = 14; 70%) or case-control studies without incident exposure measurement (n = 5; 25%). Another methodological concern is that the criteria to define atopic disease and ADHD were inadequate in most studies. A failure to adjust for confounders in the majority of studies was an additional limitation so that meta-analysis was not indicated. Future interdisciplinary high-quality prospective research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between eczema and ADHD and to eventually establish targeted preventive and treatment strategies.
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              Developmental comorbidity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

              With the present review, we intend to highlight the importance of considering the age- and development-dependent occurrence of comorbidity in ADHD and to outline distinct trajectories of symptom progression with possible impact on course and outcome of ADHD. The review will focus on introducing the concepts of "developmental epidemiology" and "developmental comorbidity". Psychiatric and non-psychiatric age-dependent comorbidity can be seen in the majority of children, adolescents and adults with ADHD, resulting in a severe impairment of everyday life with considerable functional and psychosocial problems. Concerning the temporal order of occurrence, psychiatric conditions may be present before the appearance of first definite ADHD symptoms ("pre-comorbidity", such as temperament factors, sleep disturbance, autism spectrum disorders and atopic eczema). They may coincide with the time when ADHD symptoms reach a clinically significant level ("simultaneous comorbidity": enuresis, encopresis, developmental dyslexia). The majority of comorbidity, however, appears after the onset of ADHD in the course of disease ("post-comorbidity": tic disorder, depression and suicidality, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, conduct and substance use disorders, obesity and personality disorders). The aetio-pathophysiology of ADHD and its comorbid disorders and also the nature of comorbidity itself being highly heterogeneous, we additionally discuss possible models of comorbidity. In the future, longitudinal data on distinct patterns of symptom and comorbidity progression would help to refine disease classification systems, strengthen the power of future genetic studies and finally allow for more specific treatment strategies.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                kij
                Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie
                Hogrefe AG, Bern
                1422-4917
                1664-2880
                January 2013
                : 41
                : 1
                : 35-44
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits- und Sozialmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
                [ 2 ] Medizinische Soziologie, Institut für Epidemiologie und Präventivmedizin, Universität Regensburg
                [ 3 ] Institut für Epidemiologie I, Helmholtz Zentrum München
                [ 4 ] Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
                [ 5 ] Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Universität Würzburg
                Author notes
                Prof. Dr. med. Marcel Romanos, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, der Universität Würzburg, Füchsleinstraße 15, 97080 Würzburg, Deutschland romanos@ 123456kjp.uni-wuerzburg.de
                Article
                kij_41_1_35
                10.1024/1422-4917/a000208
                23258436
                667bd1df-fc2c-4d0a-9ab5-0c92a9df93d5
                Copyright @ 2013
                History
                : 22 Februar 2012
                : 29 Juni 2012
                Categories
                Originalarbeit/Original article

                Pediatrics,Psychology,Family & Child studies,Development studies,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                atopic dermatitis,meta-analysis,Neurodermitis,Risiko,risk,Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit/Hyperaktivitäts-Syndrom,epidemiology,Epidemiologie,comorbidity,Atopische Dermatitis,Komorbidität,attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,Meta-Analyse

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