D ₂ Dopamine-Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Proliferation of Rat Lactotropes in Culture Is Accompanied by Changes in Cell Shape

Abstract

Dopaminergic agonists are effective in vivo in inhibiting lactotrope proliferation and prolactin (PRL)-secreting pituitary tumors. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate in vitro actions of dopaminergic agents on proliferation and cell shape of rat lactotropes. Anterior pituitary cells cultured with serum-free, chemically defined medium were treated with dopaminergic agents and were labeled with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) for 3 h before the end of culture. BrdU-labeling indices indicative of the proliferation rate of lactotropes were determined by double immunofluorescence staining for BrdU and PRL. Treatment with dopamine for 21 h decreased BrdU-labeling indices of lactotropes in a dose-dependent manner with a nadir at 3 × 10^–7  M. The inhibitory action of 10^–5  M dopamine appeared 15 h after the initiation of treatment and became pronounced with time up to 33 h. The dopamine action was mimicked by treatment with the D₂ receptor agonist bromocriptine at concentrations over 10^–9  M. Phase-contrast microscopy revealed that the flat polygonal cell shape of cultured lactotropes had changed to a round refractive cell shape after treatment with dopamine or bromocriptine, and that these changes in cell shape exactly paralleled those in the BrdU-labeling index. The changes in cell shape of lactotropes were accompanied by changes in subcellular distribution of actin filaments. Pretreatment with 10^–7  M eticlopride, a D₂ receptor antagonist, blocked the dopamine- or bromocriptine-induced changes in both BrdU-labeling index and cell shape. These results suggest that (1) the in vitro experimental system established in the present study is a good model for studying the mechanism of the antiproliferative action of dopamine and (2) D₂-receptor-mediated inhibition of proliferation of lactotropes in serum-free culture is closely related to changes in actin organization and cell shape.