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      Gypmacrophin A, a Rare Pentacyclic Sesterterpenoid, Together with Three Depsides, Functioned as New Chemical Evidence for Gypsoplaca macrophylla (Zahlbr.) Timdal Identification

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          Abstract

          The phytochemical investigation on 1 g of materials from Gypsoplaca macrophylla (Zahlbr.) Timdal resulted in the discovery of gypmacrophin A, a rare pentacyclic sesterterpenoid; brialmontin III, a new polysubstituted depside and two known ones, brialmontins I and II. The structure and absolute configurations of gypmacrophin A were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and computational methods. Gypmacrophin A showed weak inhibition of AchE with an IC 50 value of 32.03 μM. The four compounds provided new chemical evidence for G. macrophylla identification.

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          Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors.

          F. Lutzoni, M. Pagel, V Reeb (2001)
          About one-fifth of all known extant fungal species form obligate symbiotic associations with green algae, cyanobacteria or with both photobionts. These symbioses, known as lichens, are one way for fungi to meet their requirement for carbohydrates. Lichens are widely believed to have arisen independently on several occasions, accounting for the high diversity and mixed occurrence of lichenized and non-lichenized (42 and 58%, respectively) fungal species within the Ascomycota. Depending on the taxonomic classification chosen, 15-18 orders of the Ascomycota include lichen-forming taxa, and 8-11 of these orders (representing about 60% of the Ascomycota species) contain both lichenized and non-lichenized species. Here we report a phylogenetic comparative analysis of the Ascomycota, a phylum that includes greater than 98% of known lichenized fungal species. Using a Bayesian phylogenetic tree sampling methodology combined with a statistical model of trait evolution, we take into account uncertainty about the phylogenetic tree and ancestral state reconstructions. Our results show that lichens evolved earlier than believed, and that gains of lichenization have been infrequent during Ascomycota evolution, but have been followed by multiple independent losses of the lichen symbiosis. As a consequence, major Ascomycota lineages of exclusively non-lichen-forming species are derived from lichen-forming ancestors. These species include taxa with important benefits and detriments to humans, such as Penicillium and Aspergillus.
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            Ecology and evolution as targets: the need for novel eco-evo drugs and strategies to fight antibiotic resistance.

            Fernando Baquero, Fernando Cruz-Guilloty, Teresa Coque (2011)
            In recent years, the explosive spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among pathogenic, commensal, and environmental bacteria has reached a global dimension. Classical measures trying to contain or slow locally the progress of antibiotic resistance in patients on the basis of better antibiotic prescribing policies have clearly become insufficient at the global level. Urgent measures are needed to directly confront the processes influencing antibiotic resistance pollution in the microbiosphere. Recent interdisciplinary research indicates that new eco-evo drugs and strategies, which take ecology and evolution into account, have a promising role in resistance prevention, decontamination, and the eventual restoration of antibiotic susceptibility. This minireview summarizes what is known and what should be further investigated to find drugs and strategies aiming to counteract the "four P's," penetration, promiscuity, plasticity, and persistence of rapidly spreading bacterial clones, mobile genetic elements, or resistance genes. The term "drug" is used in this eco-evo perspective as a tool to fight resistance that is able to prevent, cure, or decrease potential damage caused by antibiotic resistance, not necessarily only at the individual level (the patient) but also at the ecological and evolutionary levels. This view offers a wealth of research opportunities for science and technology and also represents a large adaptive challenge for regulatory agencies and public health officers. Eco-evo drugs and interventions constitute a new avenue for research that might influence not only antibiotic resistance but the maintenance of a healthy interaction between humans and microbial systems in a rapidly changing biosphere.
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              Astellifadiene: Structure Determination by NMR Spectroscopy and Crystalline Sponge Method, and Elucidation of its Biosynthesis

              Yudai Matsuda, Takaaki Mitsuhashi, Shoukou Lee … (2016)
              Article 0 comments Cited 40 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 October 2017
                Publication date Collection: October 2017
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1675
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; zhouyuanfei@ 123456mail.kib.ac.cn (Y.-F.Z.); hukun@ 123456mail.kib.ac.cn (K.H.); tangjianwei@ 123456mail.kib.ac.cn (J.-W.T.); lixingren@ 123456mail.kib.ac.cn (X.-R.L.); duxue@ 123456mail.kib.ac.cn (X.D.); hdsun@ 123456mail.kib.ac.cn (H.-D.S.)
                [2 ]Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; shihaixia@ 123456mail.kib.ac.cn
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: wanglisong@ 123456mail.kib.ac.cn (L.-S.W.); pujianxin@ 123456mail.kib.ac.cn (J.-X.P.); Tel.: +86-871-65223616 (J.-X.P.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0145-8032
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-22-01675
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101675
                PMC ID: 6151673
                PubMed ID: 28991198
                SO-VID: 66b12acc-0102-485a-80b7-1c5b4e052310
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 18 September 2017
                Date accepted : 03 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: gypsoplacaceae,gypsoplaca macrophylla,sesterterpenoid,identification
                Data availability:
                Keywords: gypsoplacaceae, gypsoplaca macrophylla, sesterterpenoid, identification

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