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      Protective Effect of the Plant Extracts of Erythroxylum sp. against Toxic Effects Induced by the Venom of Lachesis muta Snake

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          Abstract

          Snake venoms are composed of a complex mixture of active proteins that induce toxic effects, such as edema, hemorrhage, and death. Lachesis muta has the highest lethality indices in Brazil. In most cases, antivenom fails to neutralize local effects, leading to disabilities in victims. Thus, alternative treatments are under investigation, and plant extracts are promising candidates. The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of crude extracts, fractions, or isolated products of Erythroxylum ovalifolium and Erythroxylum subsessile to neutralize some toxic effects of L. muta venom. All samples were mixed with L. muta venom, then in vivo (hemorrhage and edema) and in vitro (proteolysis, coagulation, and hemolysis) assays were performed. Overall, crude extracts or fractions of Erythroxylum spp. inhibited (20%–100%) toxic effects of the venom, but products achieved an inhibition of 4%–30%. However, when venom was injected into mice before the plant extracts, hemorrhage and edema were not inhibited by the samples. On the other hand, an inhibition of 5%–40% was obtained when extracts or products were given before venom injection. These results indicate that the extracts or products of Erythroxylum spp. could be a promising source of molecules able to treat local toxic effects of envenomation by L. muta venom, aiding in the development of new strategies for antivenom treatment.

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          Most cited references44

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          Effects of C-glycosylation on anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer's disease and anti-inflammatory potential of apigenin.

          Apigenin has gained particular interests in recent years as a beneficial and health promoting agent because of its low intrinsic toxicity. Vitexin and isovitexin, naturally occurring C-glycosylated derivatives of apigenin, have been known to possess potent anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer's disease (anti-AD), and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-diabetic, anti-AD, and anti-inflammatory potential of apigenin and its two C-glycosylated derivatives, vitexin and isovitexin by in vitro assays including rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR), human recombinant aldose reductase (HRAR), advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), β-site amyloid precursor (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Among them, isovitexin was found as the most potent inhibitor against RLAR, HRAR, AGE, AChE, and BChE while vitexin showed the most potent PTP1B inhibitory activity. Despite the relatively weak anti-diabetic and anti-AD potentials, apigenin showed powerful antiinflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production and iNOS and COX-2 expression while vitexin and isovitexin were inactive. Therefore, it could be speculated that C-glycosylation of apigenin at different positions might be closely linked to relative intensity of anti-diabetic, anti-AD, and anti-inflammatory potentials. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Plant natural products active against snake bite--the molecular approach.

            The article surveys the substances identified in plants reputed to neutralize the effects of snake venoms. Protective activity of many of them against the lethal action of the venom of the jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) snake was confirmed by biological assays. It was shown that all belong to chemical classes capable of interacting with macromolecular targets--receptors and enzymes. In a few cases it has been shown that exogenous natural micromolecules can mimic the biological activity of endogenous macromolecules. From the evidence presented, it can be inferred that micromolecules which neutralize the action of snake venoms mechanistically replace endogenous antitoxic serum proteins with venom neutralizing capacity such as produced by some animals.
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              STUDIES ON THE QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF HEMORRHAGIC ACTIVITY OF HABU SNAKE VENOM

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                11 October 2016
                October 2016
                : 21
                : 10
                : 1350
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; eduardocoriolano@ 123456globo.com (E.C.d.O.); nayanna_bio@ 123456hotmail.com (N.d.M.A.); jrbuzios@ 123456yahoo.com.br (L.C.S.P.J.)
                [2 ]Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; rodrigo@ 123456unifap.br
                [3 ]Faculdade de Formação de Professores, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24435-005, RJ, Brazil; marceloguerrasantos@ 123456gmail.com
                [4 ]Laboratory of Biochemistry of Proteins from Animal Venoms, Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil; eladiooswaldo@ 123456gmail.com
                [5 ]Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil; caio_pfernandes@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                [6 ]Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil; rafael_garrett@ 123456iq.ufrj.br
                [7 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210-346, RJ, Brazil; lean@ 123456vm.uff.br
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: andrefuly@ 123456id.uff.br ; Tel.: +55-21-2629-2294; Fax: +55-21-2629-2374
                Article
                molecules-21-01350
                10.3390/molecules21101350
                6274453
                27727185
                66e60d30-b566-460e-a804-fe1fd5932c73
                © 2016 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 12 May 2016
                : 04 October 2016
                Categories
                Article

                lachesis muta,snake venom,plants,erythroxylum ovalifolium,erythroxylum subsessile,antivenom

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