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      Anammox Planctomycetes have a peptidoglycan cell wall

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          Abstract

          Planctomycetes are intriguing microorganisms that apparently lack peptidoglycan, a structure that controls the shape and integrity of almost all bacterial cells. Therefore, the planctomycetal cell envelope is considered exceptional and their cell plan uniquely compartmentalized. Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) Planctomycetes play a key role in the global nitrogen cycle by releasing fixed nitrogen back to the atmosphere as N 2. Here using a complementary array of state-of-the-art techniques including continuous culturing, cryo-transmission electron microscopy, peptidoglycan-specific probes and muropeptide analysis, we show that the anammox bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis contains peptidoglycan. On the basis of the thickness, composition and location of peptidoglycan in K. stuttgartiensis, we propose to redefine Planctomycetes as Gram-negative bacteria. Our results demonstrate that Planctomycetes are not an exception to the universal presence of peptidoglycan in bacteria.

          Abstract

          Planctomycetes are unusual bacteria with complex intracellular compartments and an apparent lack of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Here, van Teeseling et al. show that the cell wall of an anammox planctomycete does contain peptidoglycan, and propose to redefine planctomycetes as Gram-negative bacteria.

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          Most cited references41

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          Peptidoglycan structure and architecture.

          The peptidoglycan (murein) sacculus is a unique and essential structural element in the cell wall of most bacteria. Made of glycan strands cross-linked by short peptides, the sacculus forms a closed, bag-shaped structure surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane. There is a high diversity in the composition and sequence of the peptides in the peptidoglycan from different species. Furthermore, in several species examined, the fine structure of the peptidoglycan significantly varies with the growth conditions. Limited number of biophysical data on the thickness, elasticity and porosity of peptidoglycan are available. The different models for the architecture of peptidoglycan are discussed with respect to structural and physical parameters.
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            In Situ probing of newly synthesized peptidoglycan in live bacteria with fluorescent D-amino acids.

            Tracking a bug's life: Peptidoglycan (PG) of diverse bacteria is labeled by exploiting the tolerance of cells for incorporating different non-natural D-amino acids. These nontoxic D-amino acids preferably label the sites of active PG synthesis, thereby enabling fine spatiotemporal tracking of cell-wall dynamics in phylogenetically and morphologically diverse bacteria. HCC = 7-hydroxycoumarin, NBD = 7-nitrobenzofurazan, TAMRA = carboxytetramethylrhodamine. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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              New processes and players in the nitrogen cycle: the microbial ecology of anaerobic and archaeal ammonia oxidation.

              Microbial activities drive the global nitrogen cycle, and in the past few years, our understanding of nitrogen cycling processes and the micro-organisms that mediate them has changed dramatically. During this time, the processes of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and ammonia oxidation within the domain Archaea, have been recognized as two new links in the global nitrogen cycle. All available evidence indicates that these processes and organisms are critically important in the environment, and particularly in the ocean. Here we review what is currently known about the microbial ecology of anaerobic and archaeal ammonia oxidation, highlight relevant unknowns and discuss the implications of these discoveries for the global nitrogen and carbon cycles.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Pub. Group
                2041-1723
                12 May 2015
                : 6
                : 6878
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University , Nijmegen 6525AJ, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Interdisciplinary Biochemistry Program, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
                [3 ]Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University , Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
                [4 ]Department of Biology, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
                [5 ]Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
                [6 ]Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory of Microbiology, Gent University , Gent 9000, Belgium
                Author notes
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5995-718X
                Article
                ncomms7878
                10.1038/ncomms7878
                4432595
                25962786
                66e81fab-8c4f-4f27-a4a3-5186b8f1dee7
                Copyright © 2015, Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 09 December 2014
                : 09 March 2015
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