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      Identification and Diagnosis of Newly Emerging Pathogens

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          Abstract

          Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are newly identified or known infectious diseases that have either expanded in geographic range or increased in infection prevalence over the previous two decades. During the last three decades, more than 30 EIDs have surfaced worldwide, including deadly diseases such as SARS, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), Ebola, Marburg virus disease, Nipah virus disease, hepatitis C, and AIDS.EIDs can not only cause suffering and death in patients but also hinder commercial trade and travel, and create fear or even widespread panic in society. The challenge for the medical community is to effectively recognize and diagnose EIDs. The present study reports our experience in identification and diagnosis of EIDs.

          Most cited references17

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          Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases.

          S. S. Morse (1995)
          "Emerging" infectious diseases can be defined as infections that have newly appeared in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. Among recent examples are HIV/AIDS, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Lyme disease, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (a foodborne infection caused by certain strains of Escherichia coli). Specific factors precipitating disease emergence can be identified in virtually all cases. These include ecological, environmental, or demographic factors that place people at increased contact with a previously unfamiliar microbe or its natural host or promote dissemination. These factors are increasing in prevalence; this increase, together with the ongoing evolution of viral and microbial variants and selection for drug resistance, suggests that infections will continue to emerge and probably increase and emphasizes the urgent need for effective surveillance and control. Dr. David Satcher's article and this overview inaugurate Perspectives, a regular section in this journal intended to present and develop unifying concepts and strategies for considering emerging infections and their underlying factors. The editors welcome, as contributions to the Perspectives section, overviews, syntheses, and case studies that shed light on how and why infections emerge, and how they may be anticipated and prevented.
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            Re-emergence of Chikungunya and O'nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships.

            A Powers, A C Brault, R. Tesh … (2000)
            Chikungunya (CHIK) virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus in the family TOGAVIRIDAE: Serologically, it is most closely related to o'nyong-nyong (ONN) virus and is a member of the Semliki Forest antigenic complex. CHIK virus is believed to be enzootic throughout much of Africa and historical evidence indicates that it spread to other parts of the world from this origin. Strains from Africa and Asia are reported to differ biologically, indicating that distinct lineages may exist. To examine the relatedness of CHIK and ONN viruses using genetic data, we conducted phylogenetic studies on isolates obtained throughout Africa and Southeast Asia. Analyses revealed that ONN virus is indeed distinct from CHIK viruses, and these viruses probably diverged thousands of years ago. Two distinct CHIK virus lineages were delineated, one containing all isolates from western Africa and the second comprising all southern and East African strains, as well as isolates from Asia. Phylogenetic trees corroborated historical evidence that CHIK virus originated in Africa and subsequently was introduced into Asia. Within the eastern Africa and southern Africa/Asia lineage, Asian strains grouped together in a genotype distinct from the African groups. These different geographical genotypes exhibit differences in their transmission cycles: in Asia, the virus appears to be maintained in an urban cycle with Aedes aegypti mosquito vectors, while CHIK virus transmission in Africa involves a sylvatic cycle, primarily with AE: furcifer and AE: africanus mosquitoes.
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              A family cluster of infections by a newly recognized bunyavirus in eastern China, 2007: further evidence of person-to-person transmission.

              Chang-jun Bao, Xi-ling Guo, Xian Qi … (2011)
              Seven persons in one family living in eastern China developed fever and thrombocytopenia during May 2007, but the initial investigation failed to identify an infectious etiology. In December 2009, a novel bunyavirus (designated severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus [SFTSV]) was identified as the cause of illness in patients with similar clinical manifestations in China. We reexamined this family cluster for SFTSV infection. We analyzed epidemiological and clinical data for the index patient and 6 secondary patients. We tested stored blood specimens from the 6 secondary patients using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), viral culture, genetic sequencing, micro-neutralization assay (MNA), and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). An 80-year-old woman with fever, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia died on 27 April 2007. Between 3 and 7 May 2007, another 6 patients from her family were admitted to a local county hospital with fever and other similar symptoms. Serum specimens collected in 2007 from these 6 patients were positive for SFTS viral RNA through RT-PCR and for antibody to SFTSV through MNA and IFA. SFTSV was isolated from 1 preserved serum specimen. The only shared characteristic between secondary patients was personal contact with the index patient; none reported exposure to suspected animals or vectors. Clinical and laboratory evidence confirmed that the patients of fever and thrombocytopenia occurring in a family cluster in eastern China in 2007 were caused by a newly recognized bunyavirus, SFTSV. Epidemiological investigation strongly suggests that infection of secondary patients was transmitted to family members by personal contact.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yan Liu
                Xuejie Yu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta):
                Journal ID (publisher-id):
                Journal ID (pmc):
                Title: Infectious Diseases and Translational Medicine
                Abbreviated Title: Infect. Dis. Transl. Med.
                Abbreviated Title: Infect. Dis. Transl. Med.
                Publisher: International Biological and Medical Journals Publishing House Co., Limited (Room E16, 3/f, Yongda Commercial Building, No.97, Bonham Stand (Sheung Wan), HongKong )
                ISSN (Print): 2411-2917
                Publication date (Print): 14 March 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 March 2017
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 12-16
                Affiliations
                From School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University
                School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Xuejie Yu, Email: yuxuejie@ 123456sdu.edu.cn .
                Article
                DOI: 10.11979/idtm.201701005
                SO-VID: 66ef2fa5-c558-4c74-b440-d91be815a370
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 01 December 2016
                Date accepted : 03 January 2017
                Date:
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, References: 30, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: Pathogen,Diagnosis,Identification,Emerging infectious diseases
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine, Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: Pathogen, Diagnosis, Identification, Emerging infectious diseases

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