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      Necessarily Free: Why Teachers Must be Free

      research-article
      , Ph.D
      Studies in Philosophy and Education
      Springer Netherlands
      Joseph Schwab, Jean-Paul Sartre, Teachers’ autonomy, Lived curriculum, Freedom

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          Abstract

          Teachers are necessarily free. The present article discusses the dual meaning of this necessity. The first meaning relates to freedom as an inevitable aspect of the actual reality in the classroom (the “is”); the second to teachers’ freedom as the ideal condition, or a prerequisite for optimal teaching (the “ought”). Existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre argued that human beings are “condemned to be free” and demanded that freedom be considered an imperative value. Philosopher of education Joseph Schwab, who analysed the practical nature of teaching, concluded that teachers make choices every minute in the classroom, and demanded that their autonomy be expanded. This article identifies parallels between these two philosophical moves and suggests complementing features. Sartre adds universal depth to Schwab’s portrait of teachers, proving them to be an extreme expression of the human condition. Schwab provides Sartre’s analysis with concrete validation and practical suggestions for implementation. Combining these two approaches can further establish the importance of teacher autonomy and offer a unique conceptualisation of teacher agency as a partial response to the crisis of education in the postmodern era.

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          Most cited references15

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          The Practical: A Language for Curriculum

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            The Practical 3: Translation into Curriculum

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              On the Differences Between Scientific and Artistic Approaches to Qualitative Research

              E. Eisner (1981)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                orit.shfranco@gmail.com
                Journal
                Stud Philos Educ
                Studies in Philosophy and Education
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                0039-3746
                1573-191X
                1 December 2021
                : 1-19
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.443013.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0468 6046, Beit-Berl Academic College, ; Beit Berl, Israel
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-835X
                Article
                9814
                10.1007/s11217-021-09814-4
                8634244
                66fb094d-afe3-448f-abcf-570eb8117c6b
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 22 November 2021
                Categories
                Article

                joseph schwab,jean-paul sartre,teachers’ autonomy,lived curriculum,freedom

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