Comparative Mitochondrial Genome Analysis of Two Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ( Rhizopogon ) Reveals Dynamic Changes of Intron and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Subphylum Agaricomycotina

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Abstract

In the present study, we assembled and compared two mitogenomes from the Rhizopogon genus. The two mitogenomes of R. salebrosus and R. vinicolor comprised circular DNA molecules, with the sizes of 66,704 bp and 77,109 bp, respectively. Comparative mitogenome analysis indicated that the length and base composition of protein coding genes (PCGs), rRNA genes and tRNA genes varied between the two species. Large fragments aligned between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of both R. salebrosus (43.41 kb) and R. vinicolor (12.83 kb) indicated that genetic transfer between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes has occurred over evolutionary time of Rhizopogon species. Intronic regions were found to be the main factors contributing to mitogenome expansion in R. vinicolor. Variations in the number and type of introns in the two mitogenomes indicated that frequent intron loss/gain events occurred during the evolution of Rhizopogon species. Phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum likelihood (ML) methods using a combined mitochondrial gene set yielded identical and well-supported tree topologies, wherein Rhizopogon species showed close relationships with Agaricales species. This is the first study of mitogenomes within the genus Rhizopogon, and it provides a basis for understanding the evolution and differentiation of mitogenomes from the ectomycorrhizal fungal genus.

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Reconstructing mitochondrial genomes directly from genomic next-generation sequencing reads—a baiting and iterative mapping approach

Christoph Hahn, Lutz Bachmann, Bastien Chevreux (2013)

We present an in silico approach for the reconstruction of complete mitochondrial genomes of non-model organisms directly from next-generation sequencing (NGS) data—mitochondrial baiting and iterative mapping (MITObim). The method is straightforward even if only (i) distantly related mitochondrial genomes or (ii) mitochondrial barcode sequences are available as starting-reference sequences or seeds, respectively. We demonstrate the efficiency of the approach in case studies using real NGS data sets of the two monogenean ectoparasites species Gyrodactylus thymalli and Gyrodactylus derjavinoides including their respective teleost hosts European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). MITObim appeared superior to existing tools in terms of accuracy, runtime and memory requirements and fully automatically recovered mitochondrial genomes exceeding 99.5% accuracy from total genomic DNA derived NGS data sets in <24 h using a standard desktop computer. The approach overcomes the limitations of traditional strategies for obtaining mitochondrial genomes for species with little or no mitochondrial sequence information at hand and represents a fast and highly efficient in silico alternative to laborious conventional strategies relying on initial long-range PCR. We furthermore demonstrate the applicability of MITObim for metagenomic/pooled data sets using simulated data. MITObim is an easy to use tool even for biologists with modest bioinformatics experience. The software is made available as open source pipeline under the MIT license at https://github.com/chrishah/MITObim.

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SequenceMatrix: concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi-gene datasets with character set and codon information

Gaurav Vaidya, David Lohman, Rudolf Meier (2011)

We present SequenceMatrix, software that is designed to facilitate the assembly and analysis of multi-gene datasets. Genes are concatenated by dragging and dropping FASTA, NEXUS, or TNT files with aligned sequences into the program window. A multi-gene dataset is concatenated and displayed in a spreadsheet; each sequence is represented by a cell that provides information on sequence length, number of indels, the number of ambiguous bases ("Ns"), and the availability of codon information. Alternatively, GenBank numbers for the sequences can be displayed and exported. Matrices with hundreds of genes and taxa can be concatenated within minutes and exported in TNT, NEXUS, or PHYLIP formats, preserving both character set and codon information for TNT and NEXUS files. SequenceMatrix also creates taxon sets listing taxa with a minimum number of characters or gene fragments, which helps assess preliminary datasets. Entire taxa, whole gene fragments, or individual sequences for a particular gene and species can be excluded from export. Data matrices can be re-split into their component genes and the gene fragments can be exported as individual gene files. SequenceMatrix also includes two tools that help to identify sequences that may have been compromised through laboratory contamination or data management error. One tool lists identical or near-identical sequences within genes, while the other compares the pairwise distance pattern of one gene against the pattern for all remaining genes combined. SequenceMatrix is Java-based and compatible with the Microsoft Windows, Apple MacOS X and Linux operating systems. The software is freely available from http://code.google.com/p/sequencematrix/. © The Willi Hennig Society 2010.

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Evolution of mitochondrial gene content: gene loss and transfer to the nucleus.

Keith L Adams, Jeffrey Palmer (2003)

Mitochondrial gene content is highly variable across extant eukaryotes. The number of mitochondrial protein genes varies from 3 to 67, while tRNA gene content varies from 0 to 27. Moreover, these numbers exclude the many diverse lineages of non-respiring eukaryotes that lack a mitochondrial genome yet still contain a mitochondrion, albeit one often highly derived in ultrastructure and metabolic function, such as the hydrogenosome. Diversity in tRNA gene content primarily reflects differential usage of imported tRNAs of nuclear origin. In the case of protein genes, most of this diversity reflects differential degrees of functional gene transfer to the nucleus, with more minor contributions resulting from gene loss from the cell as a consequence of either substitution via a functional nuclear homolog or the cell's dispensation of the function of the gene product. The tempo and pattern of mitochondrial gene loss is highly episodic, both across the broad sweep of eukaryotes and within such well-studied groups as angiosperms. All animals, some plants, and certain other groups of eukaryotes are mired in profound stases in mitochondrial gene content, whereas other lineages have experienced relatively frequent gene loss. Loss and transfer to the nucleus of ribosomal protein and succinate dehydrogenase genes has been especially frequent, sporadic, and episodic during angiosperm evolution. Potential mechanisms for activation of transferred genes have been inferred, and intermediate stages in the process have been identified by comparative studies. Several hypotheses have been proposed for why mitochondrial genes are transferred to the nucleus, why mitochondria retain genomes, and why functional gene transfer is almost exclusively unidirectional.

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Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms

Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067

Publication date (Electronic): 18 October 2019

Publication date Collection: October 2019

Volume: 20

Issue: 20

Electronic Location Identifier: 5167

Affiliations

Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China; leeq110@ 123456126.com (Q.L.); renyuanhang@ 123456cdu.edu.cn (Y.R.); shixiaodong@ 123456cdu.edu.cn (X.S.); penglianxin@ 123456cdu.edu.cn (L.P.); jlzhao@ 123456cdu.edu.cn (J.Z.); songyu@ 123456cdu.edu.cn (Y.S.)

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[* ]Correspondence: zhaogang@ 123456cdu.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-028-84616653

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Jianglin Zhao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7025-1556

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Publisher ID: ijms-20-05167

DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205167

PMC ID: 6829451

PubMed ID: 31635252

SO-VID: 67174109-48ae-41d0-971f-b806cf91c8ba

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Comparative Mitochondrial Genome Analysis of Two Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ( Rhizopogon) Reveals Dynamic Changes of Intron and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Subphylum Agaricomycotina

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Higher order chromatin architecture

Most cited references 52

Reconstructing mitochondrial genomes directly from genomic next-generation sequencing reads—a baiting and iterative mapping approach

SequenceMatrix: concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi-gene datasets with character set and codon information

Evolution of mitochondrial gene content: gene loss and transfer to the nucleus.

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