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      Factors associated with mortality in a population with acute kidney injury undergoing hemodialysis in Peru Translated title: Fatores associados à mortalidade em uma população com lesão renal aguda submetidos a hemodiálise no Peru

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in developing countries are described in a profile of young age, with less comorbidities, with unifactorial, and with a lower mortality compared to patients in developed countries. Objective: To assess mortality in patients with acute kidney injury undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and its associated factors in a developing country setting. Methods: Retrospective study. Demographic, clinical, and mortality variables were collected from patients who presented AKI and underwent HD between January 2014 and December 2015 at a national reference hospital in Lima, Peru. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated through Poisson regressions. Results: Data from 72 patients with AKI that underwent HD were analyzed, 66.7% of them were < 64 years old, and 40.2% of all patients died undergoing HD. Crude analysis showed higher mortality among those who used vasopressors, but lower mortality among those with creatinine values > 8.9 mg/dL. The adjusted analysis showed that having had a creatinine level of > 8.9 mg/dL, compared to a creatinine level of < 5.2 mg/dL at the time of initiating HD, was associated with 74% less probability of death. Conclusion: Four out of every ten AKI patients undergoing HD die. Higher levels of creatinine were associated with lower probability of mortality.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Introdução: Os pacientes com lesão renal aguda (LRA) nos países em desenvolvimento são descritos como jovens, com menos comorbidades, com LRA unifactorial e com menor mortalidade em relação aos pacientes nos países desenvolvidos. Objetivo: Avaliar a mortalidade em pacientes com LRA submetidos à hemodiálise (HD) e seus fatores associados num país em desenvolvimento. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo. As variáveis demográficas, clínicas e de mortalidade foram coletadas de pacientes que apresentaram LRA e foram submetidos à HD entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2015 em um hospital nacional de referência em Lima, Peru. As razões de risco (RR) e os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) foram estimados através da regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Analisaram-se os dados de 72 pacientes com LRA submetidos à HD, sendo 66,7% com idade inferior a 64 anos e 40,2% de todos os pacientes morreram durante a HD. A análise bruta mostrou maior mortalidade entre os que usaram vasopressores, mas menor mortalidade entre aqueles com valores de creatinina > 8,9 mg/dL. A análise ajustada mostrou que haver tido um nível de creatinina > 8,9 mg/dL, comparado com um nível de creatinina < 5,2 mg/dL no momento do início da HD, foi associado com uma probabilidade de morte 74% menor. Conclusão: Quatro em cada dez pacientes com LRA submetidos a HD morrem. Níveis mais elevados de creatinina foram associados com menor probabilidade de mortalidade.

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          Fluid accumulation, recognition and staging of acute kidney injury in critically-ill patients

          Introduction Serum creatinine concentration (sCr) is the marker used for diagnosing and staging acute kidney injury (AKI) in the RIFLE and AKIN classification systems, but is influenced by several factors including its volume of distribution. We evaluated the effect of fluid accumulation on sCr to estimate severity of AKI. Methods In 253 patients recruited from a prospective observational study of critically-ill patients with AKI, we calculated cumulative fluid balance and computed a fluid-adjusted sCr concentration reflecting the effect of volume of distribution during the development phase of AKI. The time to reach a relative 50% increase from the reference sCr using the crude and adjusted sCr was compared. We defined late recognition to estimate severity of AKI when this time interval to reach 50% relative increase between the crude and adjusted sCr exceeded 24 hours. Results The median cumulative fluid balance increased from 2.7 liters on day 2 to 6.5 liters on day 7. The difference between adjusted and crude sCr was significantly higher at each time point and progressively increased from a median difference of 0.09 mg/dL to 0.65 mg/dL after six days. Sixty-four (25%) patients met criteria for a late recognition to estimate severity progression of AKI. This group of patients had a lower urine output and a higher daily and cumulative fluid balance during the development phase of AKI. They were more likely to need dialysis but showed no difference in mortality compared to patients who did not meet the criteria for late recognition of severity progression. Conclusions In critically-ill patients, the dilution of sCr by fluid accumulation may lead to underestimation of the severity of AKI and increases the time required to identify a 50% relative increase in sCr. A simple formula to correct sCr for fluid balance can improve staging of AKI and provide a better parameter for earlier recognition of severity progression.
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            Will This Hemodynamically Unstable Patient Respond to a Bolus of Intravenous Fluids?

            Fluid overload occurring as a consequence of overly aggressive fluid resuscitation may adversely affect outcome in hemodynamically unstable critically ill patients. Therefore, following the initial fluid resuscitation, it is important to identify which patients will benefit from further fluid administration.
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              Fluid overload in the ICU: evaluation and management

              Background Fluid overload is frequently found in acute kidney injury patients in critical care units. Recent studies have shown the relationship of fluid overload with adverse outcomes; hence, manage and optimization of fluid balance becomes a central component of the management of critically ill patients. Discussion In critically ill patients, in order to restore cardiac output, systemic blood pressure and renal perfusion an adequate fluid resuscitation is essential. Achieving an appropriate level of volume management requires knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology, evaluation of volume status, and selection of appropriate solution for volume repletion, and maintenance and modulation of the tissue perfusion. Numerous recent studies have established a correlation between fluid overload and mortality in critically ill patients. Fluid overload recognition and assessment requires an accurate documentation of intakes and outputs; yet, there is a wide difference in how it is evaluated, reviewed and utilized. Accurate volume status evaluation is essential for appropriate therapy since errors of volume evaluation can result in either in lack of essential treatment or unnecessary fluid administration, and both scenarios are associated with increased mortality. There are several methods to evaluate fluid status; however, most of the tests currently used are fairly inaccurate. Diuretics, especially loop diuretics, remain a valid therapeutic alternative. Fluid overload refractory to medical therapy requires the application of extracorporeal therapies. Summary In critically ill patients, fluid overload is related to increased mortality and also lead to several complications like pulmonary edema, cardiac failure, delayed wound healing, tissue breakdown, and impaired bowel function. Therefore, the evaluation of volume status is crucial in the early management of critically ill patients. Diuretics are frequently used as an initial therapy; however, due to their limited effectiveness the use of continuous renal replacement techniques are often required for fluid overload treatment. Successful fluid overload treatment depends on precise assessment of individual volume status, understanding the principles of fluid management with ultrafiltration, and clear treatment goals.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                J. Bras. Nefrol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0101-2800
                2175-8239
                June 2017
                : 39
                : 2
                : 119-125
                Affiliations
                [2] Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Peru
                [3] Lima orgnameUniversidad San Ignacio de Loyola Peru
                [1] Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Peru
                Article
                S0101-28002017000200119
                10.5935/0101-2800.20170029
                29069239
                671d8b0a-9ad7-45f1-be2d-7b54dc1c4d6f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 January 2016
                : 08 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                acute kidney injury,intensive care units,mortality,renal dialysis,diálise renal,lesão renal aguda,mortalidade,unidades de terapia intensiva

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