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      Microalgae metabolites: A rich source for food and medicine

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Microalgae are one of the important components in food chains of aquatic ecosystems and have been used for human consumption as food and as medicines. The wide diversity of compounds synthesized from different metabolic pathways of fresh and marine water algae provide promising sources of fatty acids, steroids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, lectins, mycosporine-like amino acids, halogenated compounds, polyketides, toxins, agar agar, alginic acid and carrageenan. This review discusses microalgae used to produce biological substances and its economic importance in food science, the pharmaceutical industry and public health.

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          Microalgae for oil: strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor.

          Liliana Rodolfi, Graziella Chini Zittelli, Niccolò Bassi … (2009)
          Thirty microalgal strains were screened in the laboratory for their biomass productivity and lipid content. Four strains (two marine and two freshwater), selected because robust, highly productive and with a relatively high lipid content, were cultivated under nitrogen deprivation in 0.6-L bubbled tubes. Only the two marine microalgae accumulated lipid under such conditions. One of them, the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp. F&M-M24, which attained 60% lipid content after nitrogen starvation, was grown in a 20-L Flat Alveolar Panel photobioreactor to study the influence of irradiance and nutrient (nitrogen or phosphorus) deprivation on fatty acid accumulation. Fatty acid content increased with high irradiances (up to 32.5% of dry biomass) and following both nitrogen and phosphorus deprivation (up to about 50%). To evaluate its lipid production potential under natural sunlight, the strain was grown outdoors in 110-L Green Wall Panel photobioreactors under nutrient sufficient and deficient conditions. Lipid productivity increased from 117 mg/L/day in nutrient sufficient media (with an average biomass productivity of 0.36 g/L/day and 32% lipid content) to 204 mg/L/day (with an average biomass productivity of 0.30 g/L/day and more than 60% final lipid content) in nitrogen deprived media. In a two-phase cultivation process (a nutrient sufficient phase to produce the inoculum followed by a nitrogen deprived phase to boost lipid synthesis) the oil production potential could be projected to be more than 90 kg per hectare per day. This is the first report of an increase of both lipid content and areal lipid productivity attained through nutrient deprivation in an outdoor algal culture. The experiments showed that this marine eustigmatophyte has the potential for an annual production of 20 tons of lipid per hectare in the Mediterranean climate and of more than 30 tons of lipid per hectare in sunny tropical areas.
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            An outlook on microalgal biofuels.

            R. H. Wijffels, M Barbosa (2010)
            Microalgae are considered one of the most promising feedstocks for biofuels. The productivity of these photosynthetic microorganisms in converting carbon dioxide into carbon-rich lipids, only a step or two away from biodiesel, greatly exceeds that of agricultural oleaginous crops, without competing for arable land. Worldwide, research and demonstration programs are being carried out to develop the technology needed to expand algal lipid production from a craft to a major industrial process. Although microalgae are not yet produced at large scale for bulk applications, recent advances-particularly in the methods of systems biology, genetic engineering, and biorefining-present opportunities to develop this process in a sustainable and economical way within the next 10 to 15 years.
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              Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications.

              I Higuera-Ciapara, L Félix-Valenzuela, F M Goycoolea (2006)
              Astaxanthin is a carotenoid widely used in salmonid and crustacean aquaculture to provide the pink color characteristic of that species. This application has been well documented for over two decades and is currently the major market driver for the pigment. Additionally, astaxanthin also plays a key role as an intermediary in reproductive processes. Synthetic astaxanthin dominates the world market but recent interest in natural sources of the pigment has increased substantially. Common sources of natural astaxanthin are the green algae Haematococcus pluvialis, the red yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma, as well as crustacean byproducts. Astaxanthin possesses an unusual antioxidant activity which has caused a surge in the nutraceutical market for the encapsulated product. Also, health benefits such as cardiovascular disease prevention, immune system boosting, bioactivity against Helycobacter pylori, and cataract prevention, have been associated with astaxanthin consumption. Research on the health benefits of astaxanthin is very recent and has mostly been performed in vitro or at the pre-clinical level with humans. This paper reviews the current available evidence regarding astaxanthin chemistry and its potential beneficial effects in humans.
              Article 0 comments Cited 323 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ramalingam Radhakrishnan
                Elsayed F. Abd_Allah
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Saudi J Biol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Saudi J Biol Sci
                Title: Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1319-562X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-7106
                Publication date PMC-release: 03 November 2017
                Publication date (Print): May 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 November 2017
                Volume: 26
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 709-722
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
                [b ]Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641021, Tamilnadu, India
                [c ]Botany and Microbiology, Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
                [d ]Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1319-562X(17)30278-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.003
                PMC ID: 6486502
                PubMed ID: 31048995
                SO-VID: 67222498-b738-4176-bb75-74143f51c335
                Copyright © © 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 August 2017
                Date revision received : 4 October 2017
                Date accepted : 2 November 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: microalgae,bioactive compounds,food,medicine
                Data availability:
                Keywords: microalgae, bioactive compounds, food, medicine

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