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      Supporting employers and their employees with Mental hEalth problems to remain eNgaged and producTive at wORk (MENTOR): A feasibility randomised controlled trial protocol

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          Abstract

          Employees with mental health problems often struggle to remain in employment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these employees face multiple additional stressors, which are likely to worsen their mental health and work productivity. Currently, it is unclear how to best support employees with mental health problems (and their managers) to improve wellbeing and productivity. We aim to develop a new intervention (MENTOR) that will jointly involve employees, managers, and a new professional (mental health employment liaison worker, MHELW), to help employees who are still at work with a mental health condition and currently receiving professional support for their mental health. A feasibility pilot study will then be undertaken to examine the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention from the perspective of employees and line managers. The study involves a feasibility randomised controlled study comparing outcomes of participants randomised to receive the intervention (MENTOR) with wait-list controls. Participants allocated to the waitlist control group will receive the intervention after three months. We aim to randomise 56 employee-manager pairs recruited from multiple organisations in the Midlands region of England. An intervention including 10 sessions for employees and managers (3 individual sessions and 4 joint sessions) will be delivered over 12 weeks by trained MHELWs. Primary outcomes include measures of feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and work productivity. Secondary outcomes include mental health outcomes. Qualitative interviews will be undertaken with a purposively selected sub-sample of employees and line managers at three-month post-intervention assessment. To our knowledge, this will be the first trial with a joint employee-manager intervention delivered by MHELWs. Anticipated challenges are dual-level consent (employees and managers), participants’ attrition, and recruitment strategies. If the intervention and trial processes are shown to be feasible and acceptable, the outcomes from this study will inform future randomised controlled trials. Trial registration: This trial is pre-registered with the ISRCTN registry, registration number: ISRCTN79256498. Protocol version: 3.0_March_2023. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN79256498.

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

            While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.
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              Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                20 April 2023
                2023
                20 April 2023
                : 18
                : 4
                : e0283598
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
                [2 ] Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG), School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom
                [3 ] Warwick Medical School, Mental Health and Wellbeing Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom
                [4 ] Community Programmes Team, Mind, London, United Kingdom
                [5 ] Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom
                [6 ] West Midlands Combined Authority, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
                [7 ] Centre for Organisational Health and Development, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
                [8 ] School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, West Midlands, United Kingdom
                [9 ] School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
                [10 ] NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
                [11 ] Specialist Mood Disorders Clinic, The Zinnia Centre, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
                UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5185-2807
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4545-3703
                Article
                PONE-D-21-38968
                10.1371/journal.pone.0283598
                10118171
                37079506
                67290ef4-fbe6-46de-a80b-43adfb9561de
                © 2023 Prudenzi et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 December 2021
                : 2 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 1, Pages: 23
                Funding
                Funded by: Midlands Engine
                This research was supported by Midlands Engine ( https://www.midlandsengine.org/). The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the funder. The funder provided support in the form of salaries for all the authors, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions. The funders had and will not have a role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. They accept no responsibility for the content.
                Categories
                Study Protocol
                Social Sciences
                Economics
                Labor Economics
                Employment
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Survey Research
                Questionnaires
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Mood Disorders
                Depression
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Viral Diseases
                Covid 19
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Clinical Medicine
                Clinical Trials
                Randomized Controlled Trials
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pharmacology
                Drug Research and Development
                Clinical Trials
                Randomized Controlled Trials
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Clinical Trials
                Randomized Controlled Trials
                Custom metadata
                No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. All relevant data from this study will be made available upon study completion.
                COVID-19

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