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      Regulation of seed germination and seedling growth by an Arabidopsis phytocystatin isoform, AtCYS6

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          Abstract

          Phytocystatins are cysteine proteinase inhibitors in plants that are implicated in the endogenous regulation of protein turnover and defense mechanisms against insects and pathogens. A cDNA encoding a phytocystatin called AtCYS6 ( Arabidopsis thaliana phytocystatin6) has been isolated. We show that AtCYS6 is highly expressed in dry seeds and seedlings and that it also accumulates in flowers. The persistence of AtCYS6 protein expression in seedlings was promoted by abscisic acid (ABA), a seed germination and post-germination inhibitory phytohormone. This finding was made in transgenic plants bearing an AtCYS6 promoter– β-glucuronidase ( GUS) reporter construct, where we found that expression from the AtCYS6 promoter persisted after ABA treatment but was reduced under control conditions and by gibberellin 4+7 (GA 4+7) treatment during the germination and post-germinative periods. In addition, constitutive over-expression of AtCYS6 retarded germination and seedling growth, whereas these were enhanced in an AtCYS6 knock-out mutant ( cys6-2). Additionally, cysteine proteinase activities stored in seeds were inhibited by AtCYS6 in transgenic Arabidopsis. From these data, we propose that AtCYS6 expression is enhanced by the germination inhibitory phytohormone ABA and that it participates in the control of germination rate and seedling growth by inhibiting the activity of stored cysteine proteinases.

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          Most cited references29

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          PlantCARE, a plant cis-acting regulatory element database.

          PlantCARE is a database of plant cis- acting regulatory elements, enhancers and repressors. Besides the transcription motifs found on a sequence, it also offers a link to the EMBL entry that contains the full gene sequence as well as a description of the conditions in which a motif becomes functional. The information on these sites is given by matrices, consensus and individual site sequences on particular genes, depending on the available information. PlantCARE is a relational database available via the web at the URL: http://sphinx.rug.ac.be:8080/PlantCARE/
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            The Dof family of plant transcription factors.

            Dof proteins are members of a major family of plant transcription factors. The proteins have similar DNA-binding properties because of the highly conserved DNA-binding domain. However, recent studies are disclosing their diverse roles in gene expression when associated with plant-specific phenomena including light, phytohormone and defense responses, seed development and germination. Based on the structural diversity indicated by the complete catalog of Arabidopsis Dof proteins, Dof genes appear to have evolved multiple times, preceding and paralleling the diversification of angiosperms. Such gene multiplication might have led to the functional diversification of Dof proteins proceeding differently in distinct plant species.
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              Seed dormancy and germination.

              Seed dormancy and germination are complex adaptive traits of higher plants that are influenced by a large number of genes and environmental factors. Studies of genetics and physiology have shown the important roles of the plant hormones abscisic acid and gibberellin in the regulation of dormancy and germination. More recently, the use of quantitative genetics and mutant approaches has allowed the further genetic dissection of these traits and the identification of previously unknown components. Molecular techniques, and especially expression studies and transcriptome and proteome analyses, are novel tools for the analysis of seed dormancy and germination. These tools preferentially use Arabidopsis thaliana because of the molecular genetic resources available for this species. However, Solanaceae and cereals also provide important models for dormancy research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                colim@gnu.ac.kr
                Journal
                Plant Cell Rep
                Plant Cell Reports
                Springer-Verlag (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0721-7714
                1432-203X
                19 August 2009
                November 2009
                : 28
                : 11
                : 1623-1632
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center and PMBBRC, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Korea
                [2 ]National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707 Korea
                Author notes

                Communicated by J. R. Liu.

                Article
                762
                10.1007/s00299-009-0762-7
                2766501
                19690865
                6769b442-7039-485d-b363-53bcd66ff408
                © The Author(s) 2009
                History
                : 25 May 2009
                : 27 July 2009
                : 3 August 2009
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag 2009

                Plant science & Botany
                cysteine proteinase inhibitor,transgenic plant,promoter,gus expression,knock-out mutant

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