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      The calcium concentration of public drinking waters and bottled mineral waters in Spain and its contribution to satisfying nutritional needs Translated title: Calcio en el agua de consumo publico y aguas minerales naturales en España y su contribución en cubrir las necesidades nutricionales

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          Abstract

          Introduction: A sufficient intake of calcium enables correct bone mineralization. The bioavailability of calcium in water is similar to that in milk. Objective: To determine the concentration of calcium in public drinking water and bottled mineral water. Methods: We used ion chromatography to analyse the calcium concentrations of public drinking waters in a representative sample of 108 Spanish municipalities (21,290,707 people) and of 109 natural mineral waters sold in Spain, 97 of which were produced in Spain and 12 of which were imported. Results: The average calcium concentration of public drinking waters was 38.96 ± 32.44 mg/L (range: 0.40159.68 mg/L). In 27 municipalities, the water contained 50-100 mg/L of calcium and in six municipalities it contained over 100 mg/L. The average calcium concentration of the 97 Spanish natural mineral water brands was 39.6 mg/L (range: 0.6-610.1 mg/L). Of these, 34 contained 50-100 mg/L of calcium and six contained over 100 mg/L. Of the 12 imported brands, 10 contained over 50 mg/L. Assuming water consumption is as recommended, water containing 50-100 mg/L of calcium provides 5.4-12.8% of the recommended intake of calcium for children aged one to thirteen, up to 13.6% for adolescents, 5.8-17.6% for adults, and up to 20.8% for lactating mothers. Water with 100-150 mg/L of calcium provides 10-31% of the recommended dietary allowance, depending on the age of the individual. Discussion: Public drinking water and natural mineral water consumption in a third of Spanish cities can be considered an important complementary source of calcium.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción: Una adecuada ingesta de calcio condiciona una buena mineralización ósea. Objetivo: Determinar el contenido en calcio en aguas de bebida. Métodos: En 2012 se analizaron las concentraciones de calcio, por cromatografía iónica, de aguas de consumo público de una muestra representativa de 108 poblaciones españolas que abastecen a 21.290.707 personas, así como de 109 aguas minerales naturales comercializadas en España (97 españolas y 12 importadas). Resultados: La concentración media de calcio en aguas de consumo público fue de 38,96 ± 32,44 mg/L (rango: 0,40-159,68 mg/L). En 27 poblaciones el agua contiene entre 50-100 mg/L de calcio y en 6 fue superior a 100 mg/L. La concentración media de calcio de las 97 marcas españolas de aguas fue de 39,6 mg/L (rango: 0,6-610,1 mg/L), 34 de ellas contenían entre 50-100 mg/L de calcio, mientras que en 6 de ellas más de 100 mg/L. De las 12 marcas importadas, 10 contenían más de 50 mg/L. Asumiendo una ingesta de agua recomendada, si el agua contiene entre 50-100 mg/L de calcio, ésta aportaría entre 5,4-12,8% de la ingesta de calcio recomendada para los niños de 1-13 años, hasta el 13,6% en adolescentes, entre 5,8-17,6% en adultos, y hasta el 20,8% en madres lactantes. El agua conteniendo 100-150 mg/L de calcio aportaría entre 1031% de las recomendaciones según la edad. Discusión: El agua de consumo público de un tercio de ciudades españolas y de aguas minerales naturales puede ser considerada como una fuente complementaria importante de calcio ingerido.

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          Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?

          The Lancet, 382(9890), 452-477
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            Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters.

            Because of growing concern that constituents of drinking water may have adverse health effects, consumption of tap water in North America has decreased and consumption of bottled water has increased. Our objectives were to 1) determine whether North American tap water contains clinically important levels of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and sodium (Na+) and 2) determine whether differences in mineral content of tap water and commercially available bottled waters are clinically important. We obtained mineral analysis reports from municipal water authorities of 21 major North American cities. Mineral content of tap water was compared with published data regarding commercially available bottled waters and with dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Mineral levels varied among tap water sources in North America and among bottled waters. European bottled waters generally contained higher mineral levels than North American tap water sources and North American bottled waters. For half of the tap water sources we examined, adults may fulfill between 8% and 16% of their Ca2+ DRI and between 6% and 31% of their Mg2+ DRI by drinking 2 liters per day. One liter of most moderate mineralization European bottled waters contained between 20% and 58% of the Ca2+ DRI and between 16% and 41% of the Mg2+ DRI in adults. High mineralization bottled waters often contained up to half of the maximum recommended daily intake of Na+. Drinking water sources available to North Americans may contain high levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ and may provide clinically important portions of the recommended dietary intake of these minerals. Physicians should encourage patients to check the mineral content of their drinking water, whether tap or bottled, and choose water most appropriate for their needs.
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              Dietary reference intake for calcium and vitamin D

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                July 2014
                : 30
                : 1
                : 188-199
                Affiliations
                [03] Reus orgnameSant Joan University Hospital orgdiv1Human Nutrition Unit
                [02] Madrid orgnameComplutense University orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Professional School of Medical Hydrology Spain
                [05] Madrid orgnameCarlos III Institute of Health orgdiv1Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Spain
                [06] Zaragoza orgnameUniversity of Zaragoza orgdiv1Faculty of Health Sciences orgdiv2Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group (GENUD) Spain
                [01] Valencia orgnameHospital La Fe orgdiv1Nutrition and Metabolopathies Unit Spain
                [04] Reus orgnameRovira i Virgili University orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences orgdiv2Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Spain.
                Article
                S0212-16112014000800025
                10.3305/nh.2014.30.1.7491
                25137280
                6773c35e-6737-4078-a961-8d7f9b9d9b94

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 May 2014
                : 05 April 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Calcio,Agua de bebida,Agua mineral natural,Ablandamiento del agua,Necesidades nutricionales,Calcium,Public drinking water,Natural mineral water,Water softening,Nutritional requirements

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