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      Anomalías congénitas urológicas: descripción epidemiológica y factores de riesgo asociados en Colombia 2001-2004 Translated title: Congenital urological anomalies: epidemiological description and associated risk factors in Colombia 2001-2004

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de anomalías congénitas urológicas en Colombia y estudiar su asociación con factores de riesgo maternos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de los registros generados por el ECLAMC (Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas) en Colombia entre junio de 2001 y diciembre de 2004. Se seleccionaron los registros positivos para anomalías congénitas urológicas. Se realizaron cálculos de incidencia para cada una de las entidades y estimación de odds ratio para 11 variables maternas. Resultados: Se encontraron 83 registros positivos para alguna malformación congénita urológica, estableciendo una incidencia de 0,43%. La tasa (x 10.000 nacimientos) obtenida para cada una de las malformaciones fue: hipospadias 17,7; criptorquidia 13,3; hidronefrosis 2,6; enfermedad renal quística 2,6; genitales ambigüos 2,6; agenesia renal unilateral 1,3; micropene 1,9; agenesia renal bilateral 0,7; persistencia uraco 0,3. Se encontró un riesgo incrementado para defectos renales con parto pretérmino, odds ratio (OR)= 3,66; 95% IC [1,13-13,82] y presencia de enfermedad crónica en la madre OR= 6,18; 95% IC [1,09-34,98]. Una asociación determinística se encontró con consanguinidad entre padres. Las asociaciones positivas para defectos genitales fueron bajo peso neonatal OR= 4,07; 95% IC [2,00-8,25], parto pretérmino OR= 3,80; 95% IC [1,87-7,72], existencia de malformado en la familia OR= 2,30; 95% IC [1,02-5,25], y tabaquismo durante el embarazo OR= 5,36; IC [1,01-28,51]. Una asociación determinística se encontró con la ingesta de alcohol durante el embarazo. Conclusiones: La tasa de anomalías urológicas en Colombia es considerablemente más baja en relación con estadísticas europeas y norteamericanas. El peso al nacimiento es el principal factor de riesgo para anomalías como hipospadias y criptorquidia. La consanguinidad entre padres y la ingesta de alcohol durante el embarazo son determinantes en el riesgo de anomalías renales y genitales, respectivamente. Variables como el tabaquismo durante el embarazo y enfermedades crónicas en la madre deben ser más profundamente estudiadas en el futuro para determinar su papel en la etiología de estos defectos.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: To determine the incidence of congenital anomalies of the urinary tract in Colombia and study their association with maternal risk factors. Methods: We performed a register based, case control study using the data from the ECLAMC (Colaborative Latinoamerican Study for Congenital Malformations) in Colombia, between June, 2001 and December, 2004. Positive Registries for any urological anomaly wereselected. Calculations for the incidence of each abnormality were done. Odds ratio were estimated for 11 maternal variables. Results: 83 positive registries were found. The established incidence was 0,43%. These anomalies accounted for 9,4% of the total of malformations. The obtained rate (x 10.000 births) for each anomaly was: hypospadias 17,7; chryptorchidism 13,3; hydronephrosis 2,6; cystic renal disease 2,6; undeterminate sex 2,6; unilateralrenal agenesis 1,3; micropenis 1,9; bilateral renalagenesis 0,7; patent urachus 0,3. The risk for renaldefects increased with preterm birth, odds ratio OR= 3,66; 95% IC [1,13-13,82] and maternal chronicdisease OR= 6,18; 95% CI [1,09-34,98]. A deterministic association was found with consanguinity between the parents. The positive associations for genital defects were: low birth weight OR= 4,07; 95% CI [2,00-8,25], preterm birth OR= 3,80; 95% CI [1,87-7,72], presence of malformated individuals in the family OR= 2,30; 95% CI [1,02-5,25], and smoking during pregnancy OR= 5,36; IC [1,01-28,51]. A deterministic association was found with alcohol ingestion during pregnancy. Conclusions: The prevalence of anomalies of the urinary tract in Colombia is considerably lower in comparison with european and northamerican statistics. The birth weight is the most important risk factor for anomalies like hypospadias and chriptorchidism. Consanguinity between the parents and alcohol ingestion during the pregnancy are determinant on the risk for renal and genital anomalies, respectively. Variables like smoking during pregnancy and chronic maternal disease must be deeply explored in the future to determine their role in the etiology of these defects.

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          Most cited references32

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          Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems.

          Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly, the cause of which is unknown. Unexplained increases in the rates of hypospadias occurred in five European countries in the 1970s and 1980s. We examined data from two birth defects surveillance systems in the United States for evidence of similar trends. The Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) provided birth prevalence rates from 1968 to 1993. The nationwide Birth Defects Monitoring Program (BDMP) provided rates from 1970 to 1993. MACDP data are population-based and could be categorized by the severity of the hypospadias. BDMP data allowed analysis of rate trends for the four census regions of the United States. Data from both surveillance systems showed an approximate doubling of hypospadias rates in the 1970s and 1980s. MACDP data showed that the rate of severe cases increased while the ratio of mild to severe cases decreased. BDMP data showed that hypospadias rates increased markedly in all four regions of the United States. The observed increases are unlikely to be attributable to increased sensitivity of the surveillance systems or the identification of more mild cases by physicians over time, because either trend would have increased rather than decreased the ratio of mild to severe cases. If real, these trends represent the largest number of cases and the first report of an increase in hypospadias rates outside of Europe. Additional investigation of a possible increase in hypospadias rates is warranted.
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            Smith’s Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation

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              Risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias.

              We studied risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias. We performed a register based, case control study of 6,177 boys with cryptorchidism, 1,345 with hypospadias and 23,273 male controls born live in Denmark from 1983 to 1992 to determine the effects of cryptorchidism and hypospadias on the presence of the other abnormality in an individual, the presence of the abnormalities in an older brother, birth weight, weeks of gestation, maternal history of stillbirth, parity, twin birth, parental age, nationality and professional status. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios. In an individual simultaneous cryptorchidism and hypospadias were more common than expected. There was an increased risk of both entities when the same abnormality was present in an older brother. The risk of cryptorchidism and hypospadias increased with decreasing birth weight independent of weeks of gestation. Twins were at lower risk than singletons for both entities in all lower birth weight groups. An increased risk of hypospadias was noted in the sons of women who had had a previous stillbirth. The risk of cryptorchidism and hypospadias slightly increased with decreasing parity. Birth weight was the principal determinant of cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Twins were at lower risk for both abnormalities than singletons in the same birth weight classes. There are indications of separate genetic as well as common environmental causes of cryptorchidism and hypospadias.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                urol
                Archivos Españoles de Urología (Ed. impresa)
                Arch. Esp. Urol.
                INIESTARES, S.A. (, , Spain )
                0004-0614
                February 2006
                : 59
                : 1
                : 7-14
                Affiliations
                [01] Bogotá orgnamePontificia Universidad Javeriana orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Instituto de Genética Humana Colombia
                Article
                S0004-06142006000100002
                10.4321/s0004-06142006000100002
                67747f73-269e-474c-b2a5-9a981fe34c93

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 19, Pages: 8
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                Anomalías congénitas del tracto urinario,Incidencia,Factores de riesgo,Hipospadias,Criptorquidia,Enfermedad renal quística,ECLAMC,Congenital urinary tract anomalies,Incidence,Risk factors,Hypospadias,Chryptochidism,Cystic renal disease

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