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      Serum cadmium levels in a sample of blood donors in the Western Amazon, Brazil, 2010-2011 Translated title: Niveles sericos de cadmio en una muestra de donantes de sangre en la Amazonia occidental, Brasil, 2010-2011 Translated title: Niveis sericos de cadmio em uma amostra de doadores de sangue na Amazonia Ocidental, Brasil, 2010-2011

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          Abstract

          A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the distribution of serum cadmium (Cd) levels in blood donors in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil. Blood samples were obtained from 922 volunteer blood donors from 18 to 65 years of age at the Hemoacre blood center in 2010-2011. Mean serum Cd was 0.37µg/L (95%CI: 0.33-0.41). Increased serum Cd was associated with lower schooling; individuals with less than five years of schooling showed a mean Cd of 0.61µg/L (95%CI: 0.34-0.89), compared to 0.34µg/L (95%CI: 0.28-0.40) among those with more than nine years of schooling. Mean serum Cd was three times higher among smokers. Smoking showed a positive association with Cd level, with an OR of 12.36 (95%CI: 7.70-19.84). Meanwhile, serum Cd was lower among individuals that regularly drank tea, as compared to non-tea drinkers. Serum Cd levels were mostly below the reference value (88.3% of participants). Mean serum Cd in the current study indicates that in general the population studied here is not exposed to worrisome Cd levels.

          Translated abstract

          El objetivo de utilizar un estudio transversal para determinar la distribución de los niveles séricos de Cd en los donantes de Río Branco no expuestos al metal. Se obtuvo sangre de 922 voluntarios de entre 18 y 65 años en Hemoacre entre 2010-2011. La concentración media de Cd fue 0,37µg/L (IC95%: 0,33-0,41). Hubo una tendencia de aumento según el nivel educativo: las personas con menos de cinco años de estudio tenían una media de 0,61µg/l (IC95%: 0,34-0,89), mientras que quienes contaban con más de nueve años de escolaridad poseían un promedio 0,34µg/L (IC95%: 0,28-0,40). La concentración promedio de Cd se presentó tres veces mayor entre los fumadores. El consumo de cigarrillos mostró una asociación positiva con OR 12,36 (IC95%: 7,70-19,84). Ya la concentración de Cd en las personas con hábitos de tomar té era más pequeña en comparación con aquellos que no lo toman. Los niveles séricos de Cd fueron en su mayoría por debajo del valor de referencia (88,3% de los participantes). Los medios encontrados en este estudio indican que, en general, la población no está expuesta a niveles preocupantes de Cd.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivou-se, por meio de estudo transversal, determinar a distribuição dos níveis séricos de cádmio (Cd) em doadores de sangue em Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil. O sangue foi obtido de 922 doadores voluntários entre 18 e 65 anos no Hemoacre, entre 2010-2011. A média da concentração de Cd foi de 0,37µg/L (IC95%: 0,33-0,41). Houve tendência de aumento com a diminuição do nível de escolaridade; indivíduos com menos de cinco anos de estudo apresentaram média de 0,61µg/L (IC95%: 0,34-0,89), enquanto aqueles com mais de nove anos de estudo obtiveram média de 0,34µg/L (IC95%: 0,28-0,40). A média da concentração de Cd apresentou-se três vezes maior entre os fumantes. O tabagismo demonstrou associação positiva com OR 12,36 (IC95%: 7,70-19,84). Já a concentração de Cd entre os indivíduos com hábitos de tomar chás apresenta- se menor quando comparada àqueles que não utilizam. Os níveis séricos de Cd foram, em sua maioria, abaixo do valor de referência (88,3% dos participantes). As médias encontradas no presente estudo indicam que, no geral, a população estudada não está exposta a níveis preocupantes de exposição ao Cd.

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          Métodos e técnicas de pesquisa social

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            Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem.

            Cadmium is a toxic metal occurring in the environment naturally and as a pollutant emanating from industrial and agricultural sources. Food is the main source of cadmium intake in the non-smoking population. The bioavailability, retention and toxicity are affected by several factors including nutritional status such as low iron status. Cadmium is efficiently retained in the kidney (half-time 10-30 years) and the concentration is proportional to that in urine (U-Cd). Cadmium is nephrotoxic, initially causing kidney tubular damage. Cadmium can also cause bone damage, either via a direct effect on bone tissue or indirectly as a result of renal dysfunction. After prolonged and/or high exposure the tubular injury may progress to glomerular damage with decreased glomerular filtration rate, and eventually to renal failure. Furthermore, recent data also suggest increased cancer risks and increased mortality in environmentally exposed populations. Dose-response assessment using a variety of early markers of kidney damage has identified U-Cd points of departure for early kidney effects between 0.5 and 3 microg Cd/g creatinine, similar to the points of departure for effects on bone. It can be anticipated that a considerable proportion of the non-smoking adult population has urinary cadmium concentrations of 0.5 microg/g creatinine or higher in non-exposed areas. For smokers this proportion is considerably higher. This implies no margin of safety between the point of departure and the exposure levels in the general population. Therefore, measures should be put in place to reduce exposure to a minimum, and the tolerably daily intake should be set in accordance with recent findings.
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              Adverse Health Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low-Level Cadmium in Foodstuffs and Cigarette Smoke

              Cadmium is a cumulative nephrotoxicant that is absorbed into the body from dietary sources and cigarette smoking. The levels of Cd in organs such as liver and kidney cortex increase with age because of the lack of an active biochemical process for its elimination coupled with renal reabsorption. Recent research has provided evidence linking Cd-related kidney dysfunction and decreases in bone mineral density in nonoccupationally exposed populations who showed no signs of nutritional deficiency. This challenges the previous view that the concurrent kidney and bone damage seen in Japanese itai-itai disease patients was the result of Cd toxicity in combination with nutritional deficiencies, notably, of zinc and calcium. Further, such Cd-linked bone and kidney toxicities were observed in people whose dietary Cd intakes were well within the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) set by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives of 1 μg/kg body weight/day or 70 μg/day. This evidence points to the much-needed revision of the current PTWI for Cd. Also, evidence for the carcinogenic risk of chronic Cd exposure is accumulating and Cd effects on reproductive outcomes have begun to emerge.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro )
                1678-4464
                February 2014
                : 30
                : 2
                : 403-414
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Acre Brazil
                [2 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0102-311X2014000200403
                10.1590/0102-311X00087113
                67807881-7a5a-427c-bf74-bb976ff01b60

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0102-311X&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Cadmium,Blood Donors,Cross-sectional Studies,Cadmio,Donantes de Sangre,Estudios Transversales,Doadores de Sangue,Estudos Transversais

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