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      Lessons learned from child sexual abuse research: prevalence, outcomes, and preventive strategies

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          Abstract

          Although child sexual abuse (CSA) is recognized as a serious violation of human well-being and of the law, no community has yet developed mechanisms that ensure that none of their youth will be sexually abused. CSA is, sadly, an international problem of great magnitude that can affect children of all ages, sexes, races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic classes. Upon invitation, this current publication aims at providing a brief overview of a few lessons we have learned from CSA scholarly research as to heighten awareness of mental health professionals on this utmost important and widespread social problem. This overview will focus on the prevalence of CSA, the associated mental health outcomes, and the preventive strategies to prevent CSA from happening in the first place.

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          Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence.

          Claudia Garcia-Moreno, Henrica Jansen, Mary Ellsberg … (2006)
          Violence against women is a serious human rights abuse and public health issue. Despite growing evidence of the size of the problem, current evidence comes largely from industrialised settings, and methodological differences limit the extent to which comparisons can be made between studies. We aimed to estimate the extent of physical and sexual intimate partner violence against women in 15 sites in ten countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Namibia, Peru, Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand, and the United Republic of Tanzania. Standardised population-based household surveys were done between 2000 and 2003. Women aged 15-49 years were interviewed and those who had ever had a male partner were asked in private about their experiences of physically and sexually violent and emotionally abusive acts. 24,097 women completed interviews, with around 1500 interviews per site. The reported lifetime prevalence of physical or sexual partner violence, or both, varied from 15% to 71%, with two sites having a prevalence of less than 25%, seven between 25% and 50%, and six between 50% and 75%. Between 4% and 54% of respondents reported physical or sexual partner violence, or both, in the past year. Men who were more controlling were more likely to be violent against their partners. In all but one setting women were at far greater risk of physical or sexual violence by a partner than from violence by other people. The findings confirm that physical and sexual partner violence against women is widespread. The variation in prevalence within and between settings highlights that this violence in not inevitable, and must be addressed.
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            Ten-year research update review: child sexual abuse.

            FRANK W. PUTNAM (2003)
            OBJECTIVE To provide clinicians with current information on prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, treatment, and prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA). To examine the best-documented examples of psychopathology attributable to CSA. METHOD Computer literature searches of and for key words. All English-language articles published after 1989 containing empirical data pertaining to CSA were reviewed. RESULTS CSA constitutes approximately 10% of officially substantiated child maltreatment cases, numbering approximately 88,000 in 2000. Adjusted prevalence rates are 16.8% and 7.9% for adult women and men, respectively. Risk factors include gender, age, disabilities, and parental dysfunction. A range of symptoms and disorders has been associated with CSA, but depression in adults and sexualized behaviors in children are the best-documented outcomes. To date, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) of the child and a nonoffending parent is the most effective treatment. Prevention efforts have focused on child education to increase awareness and home visitation to decrease risk factors. CONCLUSIONS CSA is a significant risk factor for psychopathology, especially depression and substance abuse. Preliminary research indicates that CBT is effective for some symptoms, but longitudinal follow-up and large-scale "effectiveness" studies are needed. Prevention programs have promise, but evaluations to date are limited.
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              A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world.

              Marian J Bakermans-Kranenburg, Geert van Leenders, Marije Stoltenborgh … (2011)
              Our comprehensive meta-analysis combined prevalence figures of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) reported in 217 publications published between 1980 and 2008, including 331 independent samples with a total of 9,911,748 participants. The overall estimated CSA prevalence was 127/1000 in self-report studies and 4/1000 in informant studies. Self-reported CSA was more common among female (180/1000) than among male participants (76/1000). Lowest rates for both girls (113/1000) and boys (41/1000) were found in Asia, and highest rates were found for girls in Australia (215/1000) and for boys in Africa (193/1000). The results of our meta-analysis confirm that CSA is a global problem of considerable extent, but also show that methodological issues drastically influence the self-reported prevalence of CSA.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health
                Title: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1753-2000
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 July 2013
                Volume: 7
                Page: 22
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Social Work, McGill University, 3506 University Street, room 321A, Montreal (QC), Canada H3A 2A7
                [2 ]Psychology Department, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
                [3 ]Sexology Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1753-2000-7-22
                DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-7-22
                PMC ID: 3720272
                PubMed ID: 23866106
                SO-VID: 67a972d9-f5f0-4dc6-91c8-eb215d750311
                Copyright © Copyright ©2013 Collin-Vézina et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 22 March 2013
                Date accepted : 4 July 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: child sexual abuse,review,prevalence,mental health outcomes,prevention
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: child sexual abuse, review, prevalence, mental health outcomes, prevention

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