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      Dieta mediterránea y cáncer Translated title: Mediterranean diet and cancer

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: el cáncer sigue siendo un importante problema de salud a nivel mundial, por lo que su prevención es algo prioritario a nivel sanitario. La dieta mediterránea (DM) puede prevenir su aparición. Objetivos/métodos: realización de una búsqueda de evidencia científica sobre el papel protector de la DM frente a la aparición del cáncer y exposición de los hallazgos más relevantes. Resultados: varios estudios presentan evidencia sobre el papel de la DM en la protección contra el cáncer. Como estilo de vida, la DM incluye unos hábitos dietéticos y unas costumbres sociales muy favorables; además, va ligada a la realización de actividad física frecuente. Todo esto, mantenido en el tiempo, tiene una influencia positiva sobre la prevención del desarrollo de tumores. El efecto protector es mediado por la presencia de múltiples antioxidantes y antiinflamatorios ligados a los productos de consumo frecuente en esta dieta; además, como estilo de vida, la DM representa una forma de prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad, que son también causantes directos del desarrollo de neoplasias. Conclusión: existe evidencia científica sobre el papel protector de la DM contra la aparición de algunos tumores.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: cancer remains one of the main causes of death worldwide, representing a major health issue. Mediterranean diet (MD) can have an important role in lowering cancer incidence. Objectives/methods: we performed a bibliographic review searching for evidence demonstrating the protective role of MD against cancer, and herein discuss our main findings. Results: several studies show evidence on the protective effect of the Mediterranean diet against cancer development. As a lifestyle, MD includes healthy dietary and social habits, and is linked to frequent physical activity. All of this, when sustained over time, has a preventing role on the appearance of cancer. The antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects of certain products frequently found in the MD are responsible for this protection. Moreover, MD also prevents overweight and obesity, which are also directly related to the development of certain cancer types. Conclusion: there is scientific evidence on the protective role of the Mediterranean diet on cancer prevention.

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          Dietary Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer

          Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females worldwide. Several epidemiological studies suggested the inverse correlation between the intake of vegetables and fruits and the incidence of breast cancer. Substantial experimental studies indicated that many dietary natural products could affect the development and progression of breast cancer, such as soy, pomegranate, mangosteen, citrus fruits, apple, grape, mango, cruciferous vegetables, ginger, garlic, black cumin, edible macro-fungi, and cereals. Their anti-breast cancer effects involve various mechanisms of action, such as downregulating ER-α expression and activity, inhibiting proliferation, migration, metastasis and angiogenesis of breast tumor cells, inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and sensitizing breast tumor cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This review summarizes the potential role of dietary natural products and their major bioactive components in prevention and treatment of breast cancer, and special attention was paid to the mechanisms of action.
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            Healthy lifestyle index and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in the EPIC cohort study.

            Several modifiable lifestyle factors, including smoking, alcohol, certain dietary factors and weight are independently associated with gastric cancer (GC); however, their combined impact on GC risk is unknown. We constructed a healthy lifestyle index to investigate the joint influence of these behaviors on GC risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. The analysis included 461,550 participants (662 first incident GC cases) with a mean follow-up of 11.4 years. A healthy lifestyle index was constructed, assigning 1 point for each healthy behavior related to smoking status, alcohol consumption and diet quality (represented by the Mediterranean diet) for assessing overall GC and also body mass index for cardia GC and 0 points otherwise. Risk of GC was calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models while adjusting for relevant confounders. The highest versus lowest score in the healthy lifestyle index was associated with a significant lower risk of GC, by 51% overall (HR 0.49 95% CI 0.35, 0.70), by 77% for cardia GC (HR 0.23 95% CI 0.08, 0.68) and by 47% for noncardia GC (HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.32, 0.87), p-trends<0.001. Population attributable risk calculations showed that 18.8% of all GC and 62.4% of cardia GC cases could have been prevented if participants in this population had followed the healthy lifestyle behaviors of this index. Adopting several healthy lifestyle behaviors including not smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, eating a healthy diet and maintaining a normal weight is associated with a large decreased risk of GC.
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              Mediterranean diet adherence and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: results of a cohort study and meta-analysis.

              The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has been associated with reduced mortality and risk of cardiovascular diseases, but there is only limited evidence on cancer. We investigated the relationship between adherence to MD and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (and estrogen/progesterone receptor subtypes, ER/PR). In the Netherlands Cohort Study, 62,573 women aged 55-69 years provided information on dietary and lifestyle habits in 1986. Follow-up for cancer incidence until 2007 (20.3 years) consisted of record linkages with the Netherlands Cancer Registry and the Dutch Pathology Registry PALGA. Adherence to MD was estimated through the alternate Mediterranean Diet Score excluding alcohol. Multivariate case-cohort analyses were based on 2,321 incident breast cancer cases and 1,665 subcohort members with complete data on diet and potential confounders. We also conducted meta-analyses of our results with those of other published cohort studies. We found a statistically significant inverse association between MD adherence and risk of ER negative (ER-) breast cancer, with a hazard ratio of 0.60 (95% Confidence Interval, 0.39-0.93) for high versus low MD adherence (ptrend  = 0.032). MD adherence showed only nonsignificant weak inverse associations with ER positive (ER+) or total breast cancer risk. In meta-analyses, summary HRs for high versus low MD adherence were 0.94 for total postmenopausal breast cancer, 0.98 for ER+, 0.73 for ER- and 0.77 for ER - PR- breast cancer. Our findings support an inverse association between MD adherence and, particularly, receptor negative breast cancer. This may have important implications for prevention because of the poorer prognosis of these breast cancer subtypes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2021
                : 38
                : spe2
                : 71-74
                Affiliations
                [2] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal orgdiv1Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación España
                [1] Móstoles Madrid orgnameHM Universitario Puerta del Sur orgdiv1HM Hospitales orgdiv2Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica España
                Article
                S0212-16112021000500017 S0212-1611(21)03800200017
                10.20960/nh.3803
                67af50d9-5e41-49e6-a1de-52c9917b7406

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 4
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                SciELO Spain

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                Cancer,Dieta mediterránea,Cáncer,Prevención,Mediterranean diet,Prevention

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