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      The Detection of Novelty Relies on Dopaminergic Signaling: Evidence from Apomorphine's Impact on the Novelty N2

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          Abstract

          Despite much research, it remains unclear if dopamine is directly involved in novelty detection or plays a role in orchestrating the subsequent cognitive response. This ambiguity stems in part from a reliance on experimental designs where novelty is manipulated and dopaminergic activity is subsequently observed. Here we adopt the alternative approach: we manipulate dopamine activity using apomorphine (D1/D2 agonist) and measure the change in neurological indices of novelty processing. In separate drug and placebo sessions, participants completed a von Restorff task. Apomorphine speeded and potentiated the novelty-elicited N2, an Event-Related Potential (ERP) component thought to index early aspects of novelty detection, and caused novel-font words to be better recalled. Apomorphine also decreased the amplitude of the novelty-P3a. An increase in D1/D2 receptor activation thus appears to potentiate neural sensitivity to novel stimuli, causing this content to be better encoded.

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          Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: a review.

          Jonathan Folstein, Cyma Van Petten (2008)
          Recent years have seen an explosion of research on the N2 component of the event-related potential, a negative wave peaking between 200 and 350 ms after stimulus onset. This research has focused on the influence of "cognitive control," a concept that covers strategic monitoring and control of motor responses. However, rich research traditions focus on attention and novelty or mismatch as determinants of N2 amplitude. We focus on paradigms that elicit N2 components with an anterior scalp distribution, namely, cognitive control, novelty, and sequential matching, and argue that the anterior N2 should be divided into separate control- and mismatch-related subcomponents. We also argue that the oddball N2 belongs in the family of attention-related N2 components that, in the visual modality, have a posterior scalp distribution. We focus on the visual modality for which components with frontocentral and more posterior scalp distributions can be readily distinguished.
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            Removal of eye activity artifacts from visual event-related potentials in normal and clinical subjects.

            Jeanne Townsend, Terrence Sejnowski, Eric Courchesne … (2000)
            Electrical potentials produced by blinks and eye movements present serious problems for electroencephalographic (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP) data interpretation and analysis, particularly for analysis of data from some clinical populations. Often, all epochs contaminated by large eye artifacts are rejected as unusable, though this may prove unacceptable when blinks and eye movements occur frequently. Frontal channels are often used as reference signals to regress out eye artifacts, but inevitably portions of relevant EEG signals also appearing in EOG channels are thereby eliminated or mixed into other scalp channels. A generally applicable adaptive method for removing artifacts from EEG records based on blind source separation by independent component analysis (ICA) (Neural Computation 7 (1995) 1129; Neural Computation 10(8) (1998) 2103; Neural Computation 11(2) (1999) 606) overcomes these limitations. Results on EEG data collected from 28 normal controls and 22 clinical subjects performing a visual selective attention task show that ICA can be used to effectively detect, separate and remove ocular artifacts from even strongly contaminated EEG recordings. The results compare favorably to those obtained using rejection or regression methods. The ICA method can preserve ERP contributions from all of the recorded trials and all the recorded data channels, even when none of the single trials are artifact-free.
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              Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man.

              Nancy K. Squires, Kenneth Squires, Steven A. Hillyard (1975)
              Two distinct late-positive components of the scalp-recorded auditory evoked potential were identified which differed in their latency, scalp topography and psychological correlates. The earlier component, called "P3a" (latency about 240 msec), was elicited by infrequent, unpredictable shifts of either intensity or frequency in a train of tone pips whether the subject was ignoring (reading a book) or attending to the tones (counting). The later component, called "P3a" (mean latency about 350 msec), occurred only when the subject was actively attending to the tones; it was evoked by the infrequent, unpredictable stimulus shifts, regardless of whether the subject was counting that stimulus or the more frequently occurring stimulus. Both of these distinct psychophysiological entities have previously been refered to as the "P3" or "P300" in the literature.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Stefano L. Sensi: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 June 2013
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: e66469
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
                [3 ]Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                University G. D'Annunzio, Italy
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: MM. Performed the experiments: MRG. Analyzed the data: MRG. Wrote the paper: MM MRG CMH. Medical advice: TvA. Pharmacological advice: PB.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-12004
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066469
                PMC ID: 3688774
                PubMed ID: 23840482
                SO-VID: 67d2a689-6351-4c71-874f-49b37a7bf2e5
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2013
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 22 March 2013
                Date accepted : 8 May 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Funding
                MM is financially supported by the VIDI grant 452-09-007 from NWO. CH is financially supported by the VENI grant 016-125-283 from NWO. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Biochemistry
                Subject: Neurochemistry
                Subject: Neurochemicals
                Subject: Dopamine
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Neurochemistry
                Subject: Neurochemicals
                Subject: Dopamine
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Mental Health
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Experimental Psychology
                Subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Learning
                Subject: Memory
                Subject: Experimental Psychology
                Subject: Neuropsychology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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