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      Factores clínico-demográficos asociados al miedo-evitación en sujetos con lumbalgia crónica inespecífica en atención primaria: análisis secundario de estudio de intervención Translated title: Clinical-demographic factors associated with fear-avoidance in subjects with non-specific chronic low back pain in Primary Care: secondary analysis of intervention study

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          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Describir algunas características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los sujetos con lumbalgia crónica inespecífica (LCI) atendidos habitualmente en atención primaria (AP), así como investigar su asociación con el miedo-evitación (ME).

          Diseño

          Descriptivo transversal. Análisis secundario de estudio de intervención.

          Emplazamiento

          Zonas Básicas de Salud del Distrito Sanitario de AP Costa del Sol (Málaga).

          Participantes

          Un total de 147 sujetos con LCI extraídos de la base de datos de un estudio de intervención previo en fisioterapia de AP. Características: edad, 18-65 años; comprensión del idioma español; ausencia de deterioro cognitivo, ausencia de fibromialgia, ausencia de cirugía dorsolumbar, y tolerancia al ejercicio físico.

          Mediciones principales

          La variable principal fue el ME (FABQ y subescalas FABQ-PA y FABQ-W); las variables clínicas incluyeron: dolor (NRPS-11), discapacidad (RMQ), tiempo de evolución, tratamientos previos y diagnósticos de imagen; las variables sociodemográficas incluyeron: sexo, edad, nivel educativo y situación laboral.

          Resultados

          El 51,7% de los sujetos presentaron elevado ME con la escala FABQ-PA. Incapacidad temporal (IT) [β = 24,45 (p = 0,009 *); β = 13,03 (p = 0,016 *); β = 14,04 (p = 0,011 *) para FABQ, FABQ-PA y FABQ-W, respectivamente]; estudios primarios [β = 15,09 (p = 0,01 *); β = 9,73 (p = 0,01 *) para FABQ y FABQ-PA], y discapacidad [β = 1,45 (p < 0,001); β = 0,61 (p < 0,001); β = 0,68 (p < 0,001) para FABQ, FABQ-PA y FABQ-W, respectivamente] aparecieron asociados al ME cuando fueron modelados por regresión multivariante.

          Conclusiones

          Algunos rasgos sociodemográficos y clínicos de la población con LCI son presentados. Las pruebas de imagen (81,63%) y los tratamientos previos pasivos (55,78%) podrían reflejar problemas de adherencia a las recomendaciones de las GPC. IT, estudios primarios y discapacidad se asociaron al ME. Los hallazgos deben ser interpretados a la luz de las posibles limitaciones. Algunas sugerencias para la práctica clínica son aportadas.

          Translated abstract

          Objective

          To describe some sociodemographics and clinical characteristics of subjects with Non-specific Chronic Low Back Pain (NCLBP) in Primary Care, as well as to investigate their association with Fear-Avoidance (FA).

          Design

          Cross-sectional. Secondary analysis of an intervention study.

          Location

          Basic Health Areas in Costa del Sol Health District (Málaga, Spain).

          Participants

          An analysis was performed on 147 subjects with NCLBP from a previous intervention study database in Primary Care Physiotherapy (PCP). Characteristics: age 18-65; understanding of the Spanish language; absence of cognitive disorders, fibromyalgia or dorsolumbar surgery, and to be able to perform physical exercise.

          Main measurements

          The main variable was FA level (FABQ and the FABQ-PA and FABQ-W) sub-scales. Clinical variables included: pain (NRPS-11), disability (RMQ), evolution, previous treatments and diagnostic imaging. The sociodemographic variables included: gender, age, educational level, and employment status.

          Results

          Just over half (51.7%) of the subjects had high FA on the FABQ-PA sub-scale. Sick leave (SL) [β = 24.45 ( P = .009 *); β = 13.03 ( P = .016 *); β = 14.04 ( P = .011 *) for FABQ, FABQ-PA and FABQ-W, respectively]; primary studies level [β = 15.09 ( P = .01 *); β = 9.73 ( P = .01 *) for FABQ and FABQ-PA], and disability [β = 1.45 ( P < .001); β = 0.61 ( P < .001); β = 0.68 ( P < .001) for FABQ, FABQ-PA and FABQ-W, respectively] were associated with FA when they were modeled by multivariate regression.

          Conclusions

          Some sociodemographic and clinical features of the NCLBP population are presented. Imaging tests (81.63%) and previous passive treatments (55.78%) could reflect problems of adherence to recommendations of CPGs. Sick leave, primary studies level, and disability were associated with FA. The findings should be interpreted in the light of possible limitations. Some suggestions for clinical practice are provided.

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          Most cited references27

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          Non-specific low back pain.

          Non-specific low back pain affects people of all ages and is a leading contributor to disease burden worldwide. Management guidelines endorse triage to identify the rare cases of low back pain that are caused by medically serious pathology, and so require diagnostic work-up or specialist referral, or both. Because non-specific low back pain does not have a known pathoanatomical cause, treatment focuses on reducing pain and its consequences. Management consists of education and reassurance, analgesic medicines, non-pharmacological therapies, and timely review. The clinical course of low back pain is often favourable, thus many patients require little if any formal medical care. Two treatment strategies are currently used, a stepped approach beginning with more simple care that is progressed if the patient does not respond, and the use of simple risk prediction methods to individualise the amount and type of care provided. The overuse of imaging, opioids, and surgery remains a widespread problem.
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            The role of fear avoidance beliefs as a prognostic factor for outcome in patients with nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review.

            Psychological factors including fear avoidance beliefs are believed to influence the development of chronic low back pain (LBP).
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              Clinical practice guidelines for the noninvasive management of low back pain: A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration

              We conducted a systematic review of guidelines on the management of low back pain (LBP) to assess their methodological quality and guide care. We synthesized guidelines on the management of LBP published from 2005 to 2014 following best evidence synthesis principles. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane, DARE, National Health Services Economic Evaluation Database, Health Technology Assessment Database, Index to Chiropractic Literature and grey literature. Independent reviewers critically appraised eligible guidelines using AGREE II criteria. We screened 2504 citations; 13 guidelines were eligible for critical appraisal, and 10 had a low risk of bias. According to high-quality guidelines: (1) all patients with acute or chronic LBP should receive education, reassurance and instruction on self-management options; (2) patients with acute LBP should be encouraged to return to activity and may benefit from paracetamol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or spinal manipulation; (3) the management of chronic LBP may include exercise, paracetamol or NSAIDs, manual therapy, acupuncture, and multimodal rehabilitation (combined physical and psychological treatment); and (4) patients with lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy may benefit from spinal manipulation. Ten guidelines were of high methodological quality, but updating and some methodological improvements are needed. Overall, most guidelines target nonspecific LBP and recommend education, staying active/exercise, manual therapy, and paracetamol or NSAIDs as first-line treatments. The recommendation to use paracetamol for acute LBP is challenged by recent evidence and needs to be revisited.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Aten Primaria
                Aten Primaria
                Atencion Primaria
                Elsevier
                0212-6567
                1578-1275
                01 February 2018
                January 2019
                01 February 2018
                : 51
                : 1
                : 3-10
                Affiliations
                [a ]Unidad de Fisioterapia, UGC Las Albarizas, Distrito Sanitario Costa del Sol, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Marbella, España
                [b ]Unidad de Fisioterapia, UGC Las Lagunas, Distrito Sanitario Costa del Sol, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Mijas-Costa, España
                [c ]Unidad AME (IBIMA-FIMABIS), Málaga, España
                [d ]Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
                Author notes
                Article
                S0212-6567(17)30276-7
                10.1016/j.aprim.2017.07.003
                6837010
                29395123
                67d9dfb4-c2e4-4463-bbc1-a92c37681948
                © 2017 Elsevier España, S.L.U.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 3 April 2017
                : 27 July 2017
                Categories
                Original

                lumbalgia,miedo,atención primaria,fisioterapia,low back pain,fear,primary health care,physical therapy modalities

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