Relationships between personality factors and DC/TMD Axis II scores of psychosocial impairment among patients with pain related temporomandibular disorders

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Abstract

This cross-sectional analytical study aimed to assess the relationship between personality factors and the DC/TMD Axis II scores of psychosocial impairment among patients with pain related temporomandibular disorders (TMD). 120 participants (60 females and 60 males) who were diagnosed with pain related TMD according to the Axis I DC/TMD protocol were recruited. The participants were requested to complete four tests including the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) to assess personality factors and three Axis II DC/TMD tools; the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) Version 2.0 to assess TMD pain intensity and pain-related disability, Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) to assess psychological distress due to TMD pain, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) to assess patients’ stress reactivity. Results showed that 49.2% of the participants experienced high intensity of characteristic pain, 14.2% reported pain related disability more than 30 days (grade 3 disability days) and had disability scores of 70 or above (grade 3 disability scores), 16.7% demonstrated severe distress, and 18.3% reported severe anxiety due to TMD pain. Females scored higher on all these variables than males ( P < .05). Multiple regression analyses indicated that higher extraversion scores, higher agreeableness scores and being a female were associated with higher intensity of characteristic pain ( p < .05). Also, higher neuroticism and agreeableness scores were associated with more disability days ( p < .05). In addition, higher agreeableness scores were associated with higher disability scores and disability point values ( p < .05). Furthermore, lower neuroticism scores and being a female were associated with higher PHQ total scores, while being a female and having a lower level of education were associated with higher GAD total scores ( p < .05). In conclusion, personality profiles and gender significantly impact the DC/TMD Axis II scores of psychosocial impairment among patients with pain related TMD.

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Most cited references 43

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A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.

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An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4.

Kurt Kroenke, Robert L Spitzer, Janet B W Williams … (2009)

The most common mental disorders in both outpatient settings and the general population are depression and anxiety, which frequently coexist. Both of these disorders are associated with considerable disability. When the disorders co-occur, the disability is even greater. Authors sought to test an ultra-brief screening tool for both. Validated two-item ultra-brief screeners for depression and anxiety were combined to constitute the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (the PHQ-4). Data were analyzed from 2,149 patients drawn from 15 primary-care clinics in the United States. Factor analysis confirmed two discrete factors (Depression and Anxiety) that explained 84% of the total variance. Increasing PHQ-4 scores were strongly associated with functional impairment, disability days, and healthcare use. Anxiety had a substantial effect on functional status that was independent of depression. The PHQ-4 is a valid ultra-brief tool for detecting both anxiety and depressive disorders.

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Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group†.

Eric D Schiffman, Richard Ohrbach, Edmond L Truelove … (2014)

The original Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) Axis I diagnostic algorithms have been demonstrated to be reliable. However, the Validation Project determined that the RDC/TMD Axis I validity was below the target sensitivity of ≥ 0.70 and specificity of ≥ 0.95. Consequently, these empirical results supported the development of revised RDC/TMD Axis I diagnostic algorithms that were subsequently demonstrated to be valid for the most common pain-related TMD and for one temporomandibular joint (TMJ) intra-articular disorder. The original RDC/TMD Axis II instruments were shown to be both reliable and valid. Working from these findings and revisions, two international consensus workshops were convened, from which recommendations were obtained for the finalization of new Axis I diagnostic algorithms and new Axis II instruments. Through a series of workshops and symposia, a panel of clinical and basic science pain experts modified the revised RDC/TMD Axis I algorithms by using comprehensive searches of published TMD diagnostic literature followed by review and consensus via a formal structured process. The panel's recommendations for further revision of the Axis I diagnostic algorithms were assessed for validity by using the Validation Project's data set, and for reliability by using newly collected data from the ongoing TMJ Impact Project-the follow-up study to the Validation Project. New Axis II instruments were identified through a comprehensive search of the literature providing valid instruments that, relative to the RDC/TMD, are shorter in length, are available in the public domain, and currently are being used in medical settings. The newly recommended Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) Axis I protocol includes both a valid screener for detecting any pain-related TMD as well as valid diagnostic criteria for differentiating the most common pain-related TMD (sensitivity ≥ 0.86, specificity ≥ 0.98) and for one intra-articular disorder (sensitivity of 0.80 and specificity of 0.97). Diagnostic criteria for other common intra-articular disorders lack adequate validity for clinical diagnoses but can be used for screening purposes. Inter-examiner reliability for the clinical assessment associated with the validated DC/TMD criteria for pain-related TMD is excellent (kappa ≥ 0.85). Finally, a comprehensive classification system that includes both the common and less common TMD is also presented. The Axis II protocol retains selected original RDC/TMD screening instruments augmented with new instruments to assess jaw function as well as behavioral and additional psychosocial factors. The Axis II protocol is divided into screening and comprehensive self report instrument sets. The screening instruments' 41 questions assess pain intensity, pain-related disability, psychological distress, jaw functional limitations, and parafunctional behaviors, and a pain drawing is used to assess locations of pain. The comprehensive instruments, composed of 81 questions, assess in further detail jaw functional limitations and psychological distress as well as additional constructs of anxiety and presence of comorbid pain conditions. The recommended evidence-based new DC/TMD protocol is appropriate for use in both clinical and research settings. More comprehensive instruments augment short and simple screening instruments for Axis I and Axis II. These validated instruments allow for identification of patients with a range of simple to complex TMD presentations.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Khalil Assiri:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0570-3376

alasery@kku.edu.sa

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep

Title: Scientific Reports

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322

Publication date (Electronic): 6 November 2024

Publication date PMC-release: 6 November 2024

Publication date Collection: 2024

Volume: 14

Electronic Location Identifier: 26869

Affiliations

MDS, American Board of Orofacial pain, Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, ( https://ror.org/052kwzs30) Abha, 62529 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Author information

Khalil Assiri http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0570-3376

Article

Publisher ID: 78216

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-78216-6

PMC ID: 11538509

PubMed ID: 39501058

SO-VID: 67fd82eb-ba3e-4344-8423-a8e06a6142bd

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

History

Date received : 8 June 2024

Date accepted : 29 October 2024

Funding

Funded by: Deanship of Research and Graduates Studies at King Khalid University

Award ID: GRP/42/45

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: dc/tmd axis ii,tmd pain,neo-ffi,personality,graded chronic pain scale,gcps,patient health questionnaire,phq-4,generalized anxiety disorder,gad-7,psychology,diseases,medical research,risk factors

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: dc/tmd axis ii, tmd pain, neo-ffi, personality, graded chronic pain scale, gcps, patient health questionnaire, phq-4, generalized anxiety disorder, gad-7, psychology, diseases, medical research, risk factors

Relationships between personality factors and DC/TMD Axis II scores of psychosocial impairment among patients with pain related temporomandibular disorders

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Most cited references 43

A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4.

Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group†.

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