43
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    1
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Repetitive Concussions in Adolescent Athletes – Translating Clinical and Experimental Research into Perspectives on Rehabilitation Strategies

      review-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Sports-related concussions are particularly common during adolescence, a time when even mild brain injuries may disrupt ongoing brain maturation and result in long-term complications. A recent focus on the consequences of repetitive concussions among professional athletes has prompted the development of several new experimental models in rodents, as well as the revision of guidelines for best management of sports concussions. Here, we consider the utility of rodent models to understand the functional consequences and pathobiology of concussions in the developing brain, identifying the unique behavioral and pathological signatures of concussive brain injuries. The impact of repetitive concussions on behavioral consequences and injury progression is also addressed. In particular, we focus on the epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence underlying current recommendations for physical and cognitive rest after concussion, and highlight key areas in which further research is needed. Lastly, we consider how best to promote recovery after injury, recognizing that optimally timed, activity-based rehabilitative strategies may hold promise for the adolescent athlete who has sustained single or repetitive concussions. The purpose of this review is to inform the clinical research community as it strives to develop and optimize evidence-based guidelines for the concussed adolescent, in terms of both acute and long-term management.

          Related collections

          Most cited references164

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Object recognition in rats and mice: a one-trial non-matching-to-sample learning task to study 'recognition memory'.

          Rats and mice have a tendency to interact more with a novel object than with a familiar object. This tendency has been used by behavioral pharmacologists and neuroscientists to study learning and memory. A popular protocol for such research is the object-recognition task. Animals are first placed in an apparatus and allowed to explore an object. After a prescribed interval, the animal is returned to the apparatus, which now contains the familiar object and a novel object. Object recognition is distinguished by more time spent interacting with the novel object. Although the exact processes that underlie this 'recognition memory' requires further elucidation, this method has been used to study mutant mice, aging deficits, early developmental influences, nootropic manipulations, teratological drug exposure and novelty seeking.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            The epidemiology of sport-related concussion.

            Concussions and head injuries may never be completely eliminated from sports. However, with better data comes an improved understanding of the types of actions and activities that typically result in concussions. With this knowledge can come improved techniques and rule changes to minimize the rate and severity of concussions in sports. This article identifies the factors that affect concussion rate. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              The Neurometabolic Cascade of Concussion.

              OBJECTIVE: To review the underlying pathophysiologic processes of concussive brain injury and relate these neurometabolic changes to clinical sports-related issues such as injury to the developing brain, overuse injury, and repeated concussion. DATA SOURCES: Over 100 articles from both basic science and clinical medical literature selected for relevance to concussive brain injury, postinjury pathophysiology, and recovery of function. DATA SYNTHESIS: The primary elements of the pathophysiologic cascade following concussive brain injury include abrupt neuronal depolarization, release of excitatory neurotransmitters, ionic shifts, changes in glucose metabolism, altered cerebral blood flow, and impaired axonal function. These alterations can be correlated with periods of postconcussion vulnerability and with neurobehavioral abnormalities. While the time course of these changes is well understood in experimental animal models, it is only beginning to be characterized following human concussion. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: Following concussion, cerebral pathophysiology can be adversely affected for days in animals and weeks in humans. Significant changes in cerebral glucose metabolism can exist even in head-injured patients with normal Glasgow Coma Scores, underscoring the need for in-depth clinical assessment in an effort to uncover neurocognitive correlates of altered cerebral physiology. Improved guidelines for clinical management of concussion may be formulated as the functional significance and duration of these postinjury neurometabolic derangements are better delineated.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/28153
                URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/192754
                URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/10286
                URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/166988
                URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/10302
                Journal
                Front Neurol
                Front Neurol
                Front. Neurol.
                Frontiers in Neurology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-2295
                02 April 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 69
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA
                [2] 2Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
                [3] 3Kennedy Krieger Institute, John Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD, USA
                [4] 4San Francisco State University Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA
                [5] 5School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY, USA
                [6] 6Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA, USA
                [7] 7Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA
                [8] 8Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA
                [9] 9School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
                [10] 10Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA, USA
                Author notes

                Edited by: Cameron Bass, Duke University, USA

                Reviewed by: Vassilis E. Koliatsos, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Tessa Hart, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, USA; Jason Luck, Duke University, USA

                *Correspondence: Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-860 San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA e-mail: linda.noble@ 123456ucsf.edu

                This article was submitted to Neurotrauma, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neurology.

                Article
                10.3389/fneur.2015.00069
                4382966
                25883586
                67ff67af-9cc5-426e-b620-99917a2db169
                Copyright © 2015 Semple, Lee, Sadjadi, Fritz, Carlson, Griep, Ho, Jang, Lamb, Popolizio, Saini, Bazarian, Prins, Ferriero, Basso and Noble-Haeusslein.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 04 November 2014
                : 13 March 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 193, Pages: 16, Words: 15334
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health
                Award ID: NS050159
                Award ID: NS077767
                Award ID: NS074882
                Funded by: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Review Article

                Neurology
                concussion,adolescent,athletes,experimental models,behavior,pathology,rehabilitation,exercise
                Neurology
                concussion, adolescent, athletes, experimental models, behavior, pathology, rehabilitation, exercise

                Comments

                Comment on this article