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      Comparing Comprehension of a Long Text Read in Print Book and on Kindle: Where in the Text and When in the Story?

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          Abstract

          Digital reading devices such as Kindle differ from paper books with respect to the kinesthetic and tactile feedback provided to the reader, but the role of these features in reading is rarely studied empirically. This experiment compares reading of a long text on Kindle DX and in print. Fifty participants (24 years old) read a 28 page (∼1 h reading time) long mystery story on Kindle or in a print pocket book and completed several tests measuring various levels of reading comprehension: engagement, recall, capacities to locate events in the text and reconstructing the plot of the story. Results showed that on most tests subjects performed identically whatever the reading medium. However, on measures related to chronology and temporality, those who had read in the print pocket book, performed better than those who had read on a Kindle. It is concluded that, basically comprehension was similar with both media, but, because kinesthetic feedback is less informative with a Kindle, readers were not as efficient to locate events in the space of the text and hence in the temporality of the story. We suggest that, to get a correct spatial representation of the text and consequently a coherent temporal organization of the story, readers would be reliant on the sensorimotor cues which are afforded by the manipulation of the book.

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          The serial position effect of free recall.

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            Measuring Narrative Engagement

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              A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness.

              Many current neurophysiological, psychophysical, and psychological approaches to vision rest on the idea that when we see, the brain produces an internal representation of the world. The activation of this internal representation is assumed to give rise to the experience of seeing. The problem with this kind of approach is that it leaves unexplained how the existence of such a detailed internal representation might produce visual consciousness. An alternative proposal is made here. We propose that seeing is a way of acting. It is a particular way of exploring the environment. Activity in internal representations does not generate the experience of seeing. The outside world serves as its own, external, representation. The experience of seeing occurs when the organism masters what we call the governing laws of sensorimotor contingency. The advantage of this approach is that it provides a natural and principled way of accounting for visual consciousness, and for the differences in the perceived quality of sensory experience in the different sensory modalities. Several lines of empirical evidence are brought forward in support of the theory, in particular: evidence from experiments in sensorimotor adaptation, visual "filling in," visual stability despite eye movements, change blindness, sensory substitution, and color perception.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                15 February 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 38
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Norwegian Reading Centre, University of Stavanger , Stavanger, Norway
                [2] 2Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Récits Cultures Et Sociétés (LIRCES EA 3159), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis , Nice, France
                [3] 3Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (UMR 7192), CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille, France
                Author notes

                Edited by: Francesca Marina Bosco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy

                Reviewed by: Christian Tarchi, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy; Anne Giersch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), France

                *Correspondence: Jean-Luc Velay, Jean-luc.velay@ 123456univ-amu.fr

                This article was submitted to Cognitive Science, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00038
                6384527
                30828309
                680e89ca-c754-4299-8d7d-467c819ee7e7
                Copyright © 2019 Mangen, Olivier and Velay.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 20 September 2018
                : 08 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 11, Words: 0
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                reading comprehension,kinesthetic feedback,cognitive map,print-book,kindle,long text reading

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