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      Desarrollo de la alta capacidad durante la infancia temprana Translated title: Development of giftedness during early childhood

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          Abstract

          Resumen Los niños con altas capacidades intelectuales (AC) parecen beneficiarse más de la experiencia que sus iguales sin AC desarrollando comportamientos cada vez más eficientes en entornos más complejos. La mayoría de los modelos que intentan explicar esta mayor adaptabilidad se centran en el estudio de las funciones cognitivas superiores y las regiones corticales que las sustentan, sin embargo, durante las primeras fases del desarrollo estas áreas son aún inmaduras funcional y estructuralmente. El objetivo de esta revisión es sintetizar y describir los mecanismos neurobiológicos subcorticales y corticales que subyacen a la interacción con el entorno, la motivación por la práctica y la automatización de los procesos cognitivos superiores en los niños con AC desde las primeras etapas de desarrollo postnatal.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Gifted children seem to benefit more from experience than their non-gifted peers by developing increasingly efficient behaviors in more complex environments. Most of the models that attempt to explain this greater adaptability focus on the study of the higher cognitive functions and the cortical regions that support them. However, during the early stages of development these areas are still functionally and structurally immature. The objective of this review is to summarize the subcortical and cortical neurobiological mechanisms underlying the interaction with the environment, which motivate the practice and automation of higher cognitive processes in gifted children from the early stages of postnatal development.

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          Most cited references43

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          The cerebellum, sensitive periods, and autism.

          Cerebellar research has focused principally on adult motor function. However, the cerebellum also maintains abundant connections with nonmotor brain regions throughout postnatal life. Here we review evidence that the cerebellum may guide the maturation of remote nonmotor neural circuitry and influence cognitive development, with a focus on its relationship with autism. Specific cerebellar zones influence neocortical substrates for social interaction, and we propose that sensitive-period disruption of such internal brain communication can account for autism's key features.
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            The Cerebellum: Adaptive Prediction for Movement and Cognition.

            Over the past 30 years, cumulative evidence has indicated that cerebellar function extends beyond sensorimotor control. This view has emerged from studies of neuroanatomy, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, and brain stimulation, with the results implicating the cerebellum in domains as diverse as attention, language, executive function, and social cognition. Although the literature provides sophisticated models of how the cerebellum helps refine movements, it remains unclear how the core mechanisms of these models can be applied when considering a broader conceptualization of cerebellar function. In light of recent multidisciplinary findings, we examine how two key concepts that have been suggested as general computational principles of cerebellar function- prediction and error-based learning- might be relevant in the operation of cognitive cerebro-cerebellar loops.
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              The development of brain white matter microstructure

              Throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence, our brains undergo remarkable changes. Processes including myelination and synaptogenesis occur rapidly across the first 2–3 years of life, and ongoing brain remodeling continues into young adulthood. Studies have sought to characterize the patterns of structural brain development, and early studies predominately relied upon gross anatomical measures of brain structure, morphology, and organization. MRI offers the ability to characterize and quantify a range of microstructural aspects of brain tissue that may be more closely related to fundamental neurodevelopmental processes. Techniques such as diffusion, magnetization transfer, relaxometry, and myelin water imaging provide insight into changing cyto- and myeloarchitecture, neuronal density, and structural connectivity. In this review, we focus on the growing body of literature exploiting these MRI techniques to better understand the microstructural changes that occur in brain white matter during maturation. Our review focuses on studies of normative brain development from birth to early adulthood (~25 years), and places particular emphasis on longitudinal studies and newer techniques that are being used to study microstructural white matter development. All imaging methods demonstrate consistent, rapid microstructural white matter development over the first 3 years of life, suggesting increased myelination and axonal packing. Diffusion studies clearly demonstrate continued white matter maturation during later childhood and adolescence, though the lack of consistent findings in other modalities suggests changes may be mainly due to axonal packing. An emerging literature details differential microstructural development in boys and girls, and connects developmental trajectories to cognitive abilities, behavior, and/or environmental factors, though the nature of these relationships remains unclear. Future research will need to focus on newer imaging techniques and longitudinal studies to provide more detailed information about microstructural white matter development, particularly in the childhood years.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pappsicol
                Papeles del Psicólogo
                Pap. Psicol.
                Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Psicólogos (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0214-7823
                1886-1415
                August 2020
                : 41
                : 2
                : 147-158
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Internacional de La Rioja España
                Article
                S0214-78232020000200147 S0214-7823(20)04100200147
                10.23923/pap.psicol2020.2930
                682250f0-05ac-4279-930f-60e2bfccc3fb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 February 2020
                : 10 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos

                Cerebro,Desarrollo,Altas capacidades,Subcortical: cortical,Learning,Brain,Development,Giftedness,Aprendizaje

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