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      Hipoxia após traumatismos crânio-encefálicos graves Translated title: Hypoxia after severe skull-brain injuries

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          Abstract

          Após traumatismos crânio-encefálicos graves ocorre hipoxia cerebral, não apenas nas primeiras horas mas também durante vários dias da fase aguda. A saturação arterial de O2 é muitas vêzes normal, mas, com mais freqüência do que se supõe, existe anemia; como conseqüência do aumento da pressão intracraniana, da hipotensão arterial ou da alcalose respiratória, diminui o afluxo sangüíneo ao encéfalo, baixando a tensão do O2 celular, o que é demonstrado pela diminuição da tensão de O2 no sangue venoso provindo do encéfalo. Por isso, no tratamento da fase aguda pós-traumática deve-se, ao lado da normalização da pressão intracraniana, manter a pressão arterial, evitar a hiperventilação pulmonar mediante a administração de neuroplégicos e impedir a anemia mediante transfusões de sangue.

          Translated abstract

          After severe skull-brain injuries hypoxia occurs not only during the first hours but even for several days during the acute stage. Though the arterial oxygen saturation is mostly normal, cerebral anemia is present more often than it could be expected: owing to the rise of intracranial pressure, the fall of blood pressure and/or respiratory alkalosis, the cerebral circulation is reduced and the oxygen pressure for the brain cells consequently falls; this was proved by measuring the O2 tension of the venous blood of the brain. Therefore after severe brain injury, besides the normalization of the intracranial pressure and maintenance of the blood pressure, it is necessary to prevent hyperventilation by administration of neuroplegic drugs and avoid anemia by means of blood transfusion.

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          Most cited references43

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          The heat-stable antigen determines pathogenicity of self-reactive T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

          Induction of myelin-specific CD4 T cells is a pivotal event in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Other checkpoints in EAE pathogenesis have not been clearly defined, although multiple genetic loci are known to influence EAE development. We report here that targeted mutation of the heat-stable antigen (HSA) abrogates development of EAE despite a complete lack of effect on induction of autoimmune T cells. To test whether T-cell expression of HSA is sufficient, we created transgenic mice in which HSA is expressed exclusively in the T-cell lineage. We found that these mice remain resistant to EAE induction. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrate that both T cells and non-T cells must express HSA in order for the pathogenic T cells to execute their effector function. Moreover, HSAIg, a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the HSA and the Fc portion of immunoglobulin, drastically ameliorates the clinical sign of EAE even when administrated after self-reactive T cells had been expanded. Thus, identification of HSA as a novel checkpoint, even after activation and expansion of self-reactive T cells, provides a novel approach for immunotherapy of autoimmune neurologic diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
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            Inactivation of human factor VIII by activated protein C. Cofactor activity of protein S and protective effect of von Willebrand factor.

            Activated protein C (APC) acts as a potent anticoagulant enzyme by inactivating Factor V and Factor VIII. In this study, protein S was shown to increase the inactivation of purified Factor VIII by APC ninefold. The reaction rate was saturated with respect to the concentration of protein S when protein S was present in a 10-fold molar excess over APC. The heavy chain of Factor VIII was cleaved by APC and protein S did not alter the degradation pattern. Factor VIII circulates in a complex with the adhesive protein von Willebrand factor. When purified Factor VIII was recombined with von Willebrand factor, the inactivation of Factor VIII by APC proceeded at a 10-20-fold slower rate as compared with Factor VIII in the absence of von Willebrand factor. Protein S had no effect on the inactivation of the Factor VIII-von Willebrand factor complex by APC. After treatment of this complex with thrombin, however, the actions of APC and protein S towards Factor VIII were completely restored. In hemophilia A plasma, purified Factor VIII associated with endogenous von Willebrand factor, resulting in a complete protection against APC (4 nM). By mixing hemophilic plasma with plasma from a patient with severe von Willebrand's disease, we could vary the amount of von Willebrand factor. 1 U of von Willebrand factor was needed to provide protection of 1 U Factor VIII. Also in plasma from patients with the IIA-type variant of von Willebrand's disease, Factor VIII was protected. In von Willebrand's disease plasma, which was depleted of protein S, APC did not inactivate Factor VIII. These results indicate that protein S serves as a cofactor in the inactivation of Factor VIII and Factor VIIIa by APC and that von Willebrand factor can regulate the action of these two anticoagulant proteins.
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              The agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis resides in an endosomal compartment.

              The composition of cytoplasmic vacuoles containing the agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis (HGE) was studied to investigate how this pathogen exists within infected host cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the HGE organism resides in a membrane-bound compartment within HL-60 cells: early forms of the HGE agent have a round reticular appearance while later structures are small and dense. Vacuoles containing HGE bacteria incorporated endocytosed colloidal gold particles, suggesting that they are part of the endocytic pathway. Antibodies directed to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor labeled vacuole membranes. Antibodies to the transferrin receptor and to the lysosomal membrane glycoprotein LAMP 1 did not. Moreover, 3-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-3'-amino-N-methyldipropylamine, which normally accumulates in compartments with low pH, was not present inside these vacuoles. These results suggest that vacuoles containing the agent of HGE fail to mature into phagolysosomes. We conclude that the agent of HGE appears to enter and modify part of the endocytic pathway.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                anp
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.
                Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO (São Paulo )
                1678-4227
                September 1964
                : 22
                : 3
                : 215-223
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de Colônia
                Article
                S0004-282X1964000300005
                685c3bb3-ea61-4ba6-93ce-2be3af3281f4

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-282X&lng=en
                Categories
                NEUROSCIENCES
                PSYCHIATRY

                Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Neurosciences, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry

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