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      The relationship between level of education and moral judgment toward who abuse drugs

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          Abstract

          Abstract The aim of the present study is to verify the differences of the moral judgment toward the people who abuse drugs according to the schooling of the participants. This is the Brazilian part of a multicentric study. N=180 individuals in a community in Brasília, DF, Brazil; following consent, descriptive data were collected by anonymous interviewer-administered questionnaire that included socio-demographic, educational level and the history of drug use. Participants were predominantly females, middle-aged, married, employed, religious, with high school education; higher schooling considered alcohol abusers, marijuana, cocaine and crack are important as anyone else; the majority with lower education level knew someone who used drugs, but no association was found regarding drug use and schooling; in the unadjusted logistic regression model, positive associations were found between higher schooling and ‘who use drugs are as important as anyone else’ for all drugs studied; after adjusted, the association remained only for marijuana (all p<0.05). The negative attitude surrounding drugs issue can be an important obstacle. The results suggest that education can help to reduce the stigma associated; public policies would be important to minimizing social harm caused by stigmatized visions of drug users.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Verificar as diferenças do julgamento moral em relação às pessoas que abusam de drogas de acordo com a escolaridade dos participantes. Parte brasileira de um estudo multicêntrico. N=180 indivíduos de uma comunidade em Brasília, DF, Brasil. Dados descritivos foram coletados por questionário que incluía dados sóciodemográfico, escolaridade e o histórico de uso de drogas. Os participantes eram predominantemente mulheres, de meia idade, casados, empregados, religiosos e com ensino médio; participantes com escolaridade superior consideraram abusadores de álcool, maconha, cocaína e crack importantes como qualquer outra pessoa; a maioria com menor nível educacional conhecia alguém que usava drogas, mas nenhuma associação foi encontrada quanto ao uso de drogas e a escolaridade; no modelo de regressão logística não ajustada, associações positivas foram encontradas entre o ensino superior e “quem usa drogas são tão importantes quanto qualquer outra pessoa” para todas as drogas estudadas; Depois de ajustado, a associação permaneceu apenas para a maconha (para todos os dados p <0,05). A escolaridade pode ajudar a reduzir o estigma associado aos usuários de drogas; políticas públicas podem minimizar os danos sociais causados por tais visões estigmatizadas.

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          Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis.

          Proper assessment of the harms caused by the misuse of drugs can inform policy makers in health, policing, and social care. We aimed to apply multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) modelling to a range of drug harms in the UK. Members of the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs, including two invited specialists, met in a 1-day interactive workshop to score 20 drugs on 16 criteria: nine related to the harms that a drug produces in the individual and seven to the harms to others. Drugs were scored out of 100 points, and the criteria were weighted to indicate their relative importance. MCDA modelling showed that heroin, crack cocaine, and metamfetamine were the most harmful drugs to individuals (part scores 34, 37, and 32, respectively), whereas alcohol, heroin, and crack cocaine were the most harmful to others (46, 21, and 17, respectively). Overall, alcohol was the most harmful drug (overall harm score 72), with heroin (55) and crack cocaine (54) in second and third places. These findings lend support to previous work assessing drug harms, and show how the improved scoring and weighting approach of MCDA increases the differentiation between the most and least harmful drugs. However, the findings correlate poorly with present UK drug classification, which is not based simply on considerations of harm. Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (UK). Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            HIV and risk environment for injecting drug users: the past, present, and future.

            We systematically reviewed reports about determinants of HIV infection in injecting drug users from 2000 to 2009, classifying findings by type of environmental influence. We then modelled changes in risk environments in regions with severe HIV epidemics associated with injecting drug use. Of 94 studies identified, 25 intentionally examined risk environments. Modelling of HIV epidemics showed substantial heterogeneity in the number of HIV infections that are attributed to injecting drug use and unprotected sex. We estimate that, during 2010-15, HIV prevalence could be reduced by 41% in Odessa (Ukraine), 43% in Karachi (Pakistan), and 30% in Nairobi (Kenya) through a 60% reduction of the unmet need of programmes for opioid substitution, needle exchange, and antiretroviral therapy. Mitigation of patient transition to injecting drugs from non-injecting forms could avert a 98% increase in HIV infections in Karachi; whereas elimination of laws prohibiting opioid substitution with concomitant scale-up could prevent 14% of HIV infections in Nairobi. Optimisation of effectiveness and coverage of interventions is crucial for regions with rapidly growing epidemics. Delineation of environmental risk factors provides a crucial insight into HIV prevention. Evidence-informed, rights-based, combination interventions protecting IDUs' access to HIV prevention and treatment could substantially curtail HIV epidemics. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Internet use and stigmatized illness.

              People with stigmatized illnesses often avoid seeking health care and education. The internet may be a useful health education and outreach tool for this group. This study examined patterns of internet use for health information among those with and without stigmatized illnesses. A national survey of internet users in the USA was conducted. Respondents who self-reported a stigmatized condition-defined as anxiety, depression, herpes, or urinary incontinence-were compared to respondents who reported having at least one other chronic illness, such as cancer, heart problems, diabetes, and back pain. The analytical sample consisted of 7014 respondents. Cross-sectional associations between stigmatized illness and frequency of internet use for information about health care, use of the internet for communication about health, changes in health care utilization after internet use, and satisfaction with the internet were determined. After controlling for a number of potential confounders, those with stigmatized illnesses were significantly more likely to have used the internet for health information, to have communicated with clinicians about their condition using the internet, and to have increased utilization of health care based on information found on the internet, than those with non-stigmatized conditions. Length of time spent online, frequency of internet use, satisfaction with health information found on the internet, and discussion of internet findings with health care providers did not significantly differ between the two groups. Results from this survey suggest that the internet may be a valuable health communication and education tool for populations who are affected by stigmatized illnesses.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csc
                Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
                Ciênc. saúde coletiva
                ABRASCO - Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1413-8123
                1678-4561
                June 2021
                : 26
                : 6
                : 2335-2343
                Affiliations
                [2] Campinas São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Campinas orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Psiquiatria Brazil
                [1] Brasília Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidade de Brasília orgdiv1Faculdade de Ceilândia orgdiv2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde Brazil
                [4] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Brazil
                [3] Brasília Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidade de Brasília orgdiv1Faculdade de Ceilândia orgdiv2Curso de Terapia Ocupacional Brazil
                Article
                S1413-81232021000702335 S1413-8123(21)02600602335
                10.1590/1413-81232021266.26392018
                688231cf-876d-45bb-b8ea-853d98739077

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 August 2019
                : 19 February 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Categories
                Free Themes

                Drug use,Schooling,Attitude,Stigma,Uso de drogas,Escolaridade,Atitude,Estigma

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