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      Is Open Access

      Effects of 4-hydroxynonenal on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell redox signaling and function in health and disease

      review-article
      1 , 1 , *
      Redox Biology
      Elsevier
      Akt, Protein kinase B, AR, Aldose reductase, ARE, Antioxidant response element, AP-1, Activator protein-1, ATF6, Activating transcription factor 6, BH4, Tetrahydrobiopterin, BAEC, Bovine aortic endothelial cells, BLMVEC, Bovine lung microvascular vein endothelial cells, BPAEC, Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, BTB, Broad complex Tramtrack and Bric–brac domain, CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein, CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein, EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor, elF2α, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, Elk1, ETS domain-containing protein, eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, EpRE, Electrophile response element, ER, Endoplasmic reticulum, ERAD, Endoplasmic reticulum assisted degradation, ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, FAK, Focal adhesion kinase, FAP, Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, GCLC, Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, GCLM, Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit, GS-DHN, Glutathionyl-1,4 dihydroxynonene, GSH, Glutathione, GS-HNE, HNE-conjugates, GST, Glutathione-S-transferase, GTPCH, Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I, HASMC, Human aortic smooth muscle cells, HCSMC, Human coronary smooth muscle cells, HERP, Homocysteine inducible ER protein, HMEC, Human microvascular endothelial cells, HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1, HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal, Hsp-70/72/90, Heat shock proteins-70/ -72/ -90, HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase, IRE1, Inositol requiring enzyme 1 IRE1, IVR, Central intervening region, JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase, Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, MASMC, Mouse aortic smooth muscle cells, MEK1/2, Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1/2, MMP-1/2, Matrix metalloproteinase-1/ -2, MPEC, Mouse pancreatic islet endothelial cells, NAC, N-acetylcysteine, NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa B, NO, Nitric oxide, NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, Nrf2, Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2, oxLDL, Oxidized low density lipoprotein, PCEC, Porcine cerebral endothelial cells, PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor, PDI, Protein disulfide isomerases, PERK, Protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-Delta (12,14) prostaglandin-J2, PKC, Protein kinase C, PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, RASMC, Rat aortic smooth muscle cells, ROS, Reactive oxygen species, RVSMC, Rat vascular smooth muscle cells, SMC, Smooth muscle cell, tBHP, Tert-butylhydroperoxide, TKR, Tyrosine kinase receptor, UPR, Unfolded protein response, xCT, cystine/glutamate amino acid transporter, 4-hydroxynonenal, Vascular biology, Endothelial cells, Vascular smooth muscle cells, Redox signaling, Nrf2

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          Abstract

          4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a lipid hydroperoxide end product formed from the oxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative abundance of HNE within the vasculature is dependent not only on the rate of lipid peroxidation and HNE synthesis but also on the removal of HNE adducts by phase II metabolic pathways such as glutathione- S-transferases. Depending on its relative concentration, HNE can induce a range of hormetic effects in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, including kinase activation, proliferation, induction of phase II enzymes and in high doses inactivation of enzymatic processes and apoptosis. HNE also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and in utero diseases such as pre-eclampsia. This review examines the known production, metabolism and consequences of HNE synthesis within vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, highlighting alterations in mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum function and their association with various vascular pathologies.

          Highlights

          • HNE is a lipid peroxidation endproduct regulating vascular redox signaling.

          • HNE detoxification is tightly regulated in vascular and other cell types.

          • Elevated HNE levels are associated with various vascular diseases.

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          Most cited references154

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          Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in disease.

          The extracellular space is an environment hostile to unmodified polypeptides. For this reason, many eukaryotic proteins destined for exposure to this environment through secretion or display at the cell surface require maturation steps within a specialized organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A complex homeostatic mechanism, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), has evolved to link the load of newly synthesized proteins with the capacity of the ER to mature them. It has become apparent that dysfunction of the UPR plays an important role in some human diseases, especially those involving tissues dedicated to extracellular protein synthesis. Diabetes mellitus is an example of such a disease, since the demands for constantly varying levels of insulin synthesis make pancreatic beta-cells dependent on efficient UPR signaling. Furthermore, recent discoveries in this field indicate that the importance of the UPR in diabetes is not restricted to the beta-cell but is also involved in peripheral insulin resistance. This review addresses aspects of the UPR currently understood to be involved in human disease, including their role in diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and neoplasia.
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            PERK-dependent activation of Nrf2 contributes to redox homeostasis and cell survival following endoplasmic reticulum stress.

            The accumulation of unfolded proteins elicits a cellular response that triggers both pro-survival and pro-apoptotic signaling events. PERK-dependent activation of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is critical for survival signaling during this response; however, the mechanism whereby Nrf2 confers a protective advantage to stressed cells remains to be defined. We now demonstrate that Nrf2 activation contributes to the maintenance of glutathione levels, which in turn functions as a buffer for the accumulation of reactive oxygen species during the unfolded protein response. The deleterious effects of Nrf2 or PERK deficiencies could be attenuated by the restoration of cellular glutathione levels or Nrf2 activity. In addition, the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production attenuated apoptotic induction following endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our data suggest that perturbations in cellular redox status sensitize cells to the harmful effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress, but that other factors are essential for apoptotic commitment.
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              Chop deletion reduces oxidative stress, improves beta cell function, and promotes cell survival in multiple mouse models of diabetes.

              The progression from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes is caused by the failure of pancreatic beta cells to produce sufficient levels of insulin to meet the metabolic demand. Recent studies indicate that nutrient fluctuations and insulin resistance increase proinsulin synthesis in beta cells beyond the capacity for folding of nascent polypeptides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, thereby disrupting ER homeostasis and triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR). Chronic ER stress promotes apoptosis, at least in part through the UPR-induced transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). We assessed the effect of Chop deletion in multiple mouse models of type 2 diabetes and found that Chop-/- mice had improved glycemic control and expanded beta cell mass in all conditions analyzed. In both genetic and diet-induced models of insulin resistance, CHOP deficiency improved beta cell ultrastructure and promoted cell survival. In addition, we found that isolated islets from Chop-/- mice displayed increased expression of UPR and oxidative stress response genes and reduced levels of oxidative damage. These findings suggest that CHOP is a fundamental factor that links protein misfolding in the ER to oxidative stress and apoptosis in beta cells under conditions of increased insulin demand.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Redox Biol
                Redox Biol
                Redox Biology
                Elsevier
                2213-2317
                23 May 2013
                23 May 2013
                2013
                : 1
                : 1
                : 319-331
                Affiliations
                [0005]Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Rm. 3.01, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK. Tel.: +44 20 7848 4306; fax: +44 20 7848 4500. giovanni.mann@ 123456kcl.ac.uk
                [1]

                The authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                REDOX38
                10.1016/j.redox.2013.04.001
                3757694
                24024167
                68dc5774-8ab1-4bb6-8628-1155bc33bf89
                © 2013 The Authors

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 3 April 2013
                : 21 April 2013
                Categories
                Review Article

                akt, protein kinase b,ar, aldose reductase,are, antioxidant response element,ap-1, activator protein-1,atf6, activating transcription factor 6,bh4, tetrahydrobiopterin,baec, bovine aortic endothelial cells,blmvec, bovine lung microvascular vein endothelial cells,bpaec, bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells,btb, broad complex tramtrack and bric–brac domain,chop, c/ebp-homologous protein,creb, camp response element-binding protein,egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor,elf2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α,elk1, ets domain-containing protein,enos, endothelial nitric oxide synthase,epre, electrophile response element,er, endoplasmic reticulum,erad, endoplasmic reticulum assisted degradation,erk1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,fak, focal adhesion kinase,fap, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy,gclc, glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit,gclm, glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit,gs-dhn, glutathionyl-1,4 dihydroxynonene,gsh, glutathione,gs-hne, hne-conjugates,gst, glutathione-s-transferase,gtpch, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase i,hasmc, human aortic smooth muscle cells,hcsmc, human coronary smooth muscle cells,herp, homocysteine inducible er protein,hmec, human microvascular endothelial cells,ho-1, heme oxygenase-1,hne, 4-hydroxynonenal,hsp-70/72/90, heat shock proteins-70/ -72/ -90,huvec, human umbilical vein endothelial cells,inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase,ire1, inositol requiring enzyme 1 ire1,ivr, central intervening region,jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase,keap1, kelch-like ech-associated protein 1,masmc, mouse aortic smooth muscle cells,mek1/2, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1/2,mmp-1/2, matrix metalloproteinase-1/ -2,mpec, mouse pancreatic islet endothelial cells,nac, n-acetylcysteine,nfκb, nuclear factor kappa b,no, nitric oxide,nqo1, nad(p)h quinone oxidoreductase,nrf2, nuclear factor-e2-related factor 2,oxldl, oxidized low density lipoprotein,pcec, porcine cerebral endothelial cells,pdgf, platelet-derived growth factor,pdi, protein disulfide isomerases,perk, protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase,15d-pgj2, 15-deoxy-delta (12,14) prostaglandin-j2,pkc, protein kinase c,pufas, polyunsaturated fatty acids,rasmc, rat aortic smooth muscle cells,ros, reactive oxygen species,rvsmc, rat vascular smooth muscle cells,smc, smooth muscle cell,tbhp, tert-butylhydroperoxide,tkr, tyrosine kinase receptor,upr, unfolded protein response,xct, cystine/glutamate amino acid transporter,4-hydroxynonenal,vascular biology,endothelial cells,vascular smooth muscle cells,redox signaling,nrf2
                akt, protein kinase b, ar, aldose reductase, are, antioxidant response element, ap-1, activator protein-1, atf6, activating transcription factor 6, bh4, tetrahydrobiopterin, baec, bovine aortic endothelial cells, blmvec, bovine lung microvascular vein endothelial cells, bpaec, bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, btb, broad complex tramtrack and bric–brac domain, chop, c/ebp-homologous protein, creb, camp response element-binding protein, egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor, elf2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, elk1, ets domain-containing protein, enos, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, epre, electrophile response element, er, endoplasmic reticulum, erad, endoplasmic reticulum assisted degradation, erk1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, fak, focal adhesion kinase, fap, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, gclc, glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, gclm, glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit, gs-dhn, glutathionyl-1,4 dihydroxynonene, gsh, glutathione, gs-hne, hne-conjugates, gst, glutathione-s-transferase, gtpch, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase i, hasmc, human aortic smooth muscle cells, hcsmc, human coronary smooth muscle cells, herp, homocysteine inducible er protein, hmec, human microvascular endothelial cells, ho-1, heme oxygenase-1, hne, 4-hydroxynonenal, hsp-70/72/90, heat shock proteins-70/ -72/ -90, huvec, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase, ire1, inositol requiring enzyme 1 ire1, ivr, central intervening region, jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase, keap1, kelch-like ech-associated protein 1, masmc, mouse aortic smooth muscle cells, mek1/2, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1/2, mmp-1/2, matrix metalloproteinase-1/ -2, mpec, mouse pancreatic islet endothelial cells, nac, n-acetylcysteine, nfκb, nuclear factor kappa b, no, nitric oxide, nqo1, nad(p)h quinone oxidoreductase, nrf2, nuclear factor-e2-related factor 2, oxldl, oxidized low density lipoprotein, pcec, porcine cerebral endothelial cells, pdgf, platelet-derived growth factor, pdi, protein disulfide isomerases, perk, protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, 15d-pgj2, 15-deoxy-delta (12,14) prostaglandin-j2, pkc, protein kinase c, pufas, polyunsaturated fatty acids, rasmc, rat aortic smooth muscle cells, ros, reactive oxygen species, rvsmc, rat vascular smooth muscle cells, smc, smooth muscle cell, tbhp, tert-butylhydroperoxide, tkr, tyrosine kinase receptor, upr, unfolded protein response, xct, cystine/glutamate amino acid transporter, 4-hydroxynonenal, vascular biology, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, redox signaling, nrf2

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