Infectious Diseases and the Kidney in Children

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Abstract

The kidney is involved in a wide range of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic diseases. In most systemic infections, renal involvement is a minor component of the illness, but in some, renal failure may be the presenting feature and the major problem in management. Although individual infectious processes may have a predilection to involve the renal vasculature, glomeruli, interstitium, or collecting systems, a purely anatomic approach to the classification of infectious diseases affecting the kidney is rarely helpful because most infections may involve several different aspects of renal function. In this chapter, a microbiological classification of the organisms affecting the kidney is adopted. Although they are important causes of renal dysfunction in infectious diseases, urinary tract infections and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are not discussed in detail because they are considered separately in chapters XX and XX, respectively.

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The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002.

Gregory Armstrong, Annemarie Wasley, Edgar Simard … (2006)

Defining the primary characteristics of persons infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) enables physicians to more easily identify persons who are most likely to benefit from testing for the disease. To describe the HCV-infected population in the United States. Nationally representative household survey. U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population. 15,079 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2002. All participants provided medical histories, and those who were 20 to 59 years of age provided histories of drug use and sexual practices. Participants were tested for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and HCV RNA, and their serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured. The prevalence of anti-HCV in the United States was 1.6% (95% CI, 1.3% to 1.9%), equating to an estimated 4.1 million (CI, 3.4 million to 4.9 million) anti-HCV-positive persons nationwide; 1.3% or 3.2 million (CI, 2.7 million to 3.9 million) persons had chronic HCV infection. Peak prevalence of anti-HCV (4.3%) was observed among persons 40 to 49 years of age. A total of 48.4% of anti-HCV-positive persons between 20 and 59 years of age reported a history of injection drug use, the strongest risk factor for HCV infection. Of all persons reporting such a history, 83.3% had not used injection drugs for at least 1 year before the survey. Other significant risk factors included 20 or more lifetime sex partners and blood transfusion before 1992. Abnormal serum ALT levels were found in 58.7% of HCV RNA-positive persons. Three characteristics (abnormal serum ALT level, any history of injection drug use, and history of blood transfusion before 1992) identified 85.1% of HCV RNA-positive participants between 20 and 59 years of age. Incarcerated and homeless persons were not included in the survey. Many Americans are infected with HCV. Most were born between 1945 and 1964 and can be identified with current screening criteria. History of injection drug use is the strongest risk factor for infection.

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Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome

Kwok Chu, Wai Kay Tsang, Colin S O Tang … (2005)

Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome. Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerged infection from a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Apart from fever and respiratory complications, acute renal impairment has been observed in some patients with SARS. Herein, we describe the clinical, pathologic, and laboratory features of the acute renal impairment complicating this new viral infection. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of the plasma creatinine concentration and other clinical parameters of the 536 SARS patients with normal plasma creatinine at first clinical presentation, admitted to two regional hospitals following a major outbreak in Hong Kong in March 2003. Kidney tissues from seven other patients with postmortem examinations were studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Results Among these 536 patients with SARS, 36 (6.7%) developed acute renal impairment occurring at a median duration of 20 days (range 5–48 days) after the onset of viral infection despite a normal plasma creatinine level at first clinical presentation. The acute renal impairment reflected the different prerenal and renal factors that exerted renal insult occurring in the context of multiorgan failure. Eventually, 33 SARS patients (91.7%) with acute renal impairment died. The mortality rate was significantly higher among patients with SARS and acute renal impairment compared with those with SARS and no renal impairment (91.7% vs. 8.8%) (P < 0.0001). Renal tissues revealed predominantly acute tubular necrosis with no evidence of glomerular pathology. The adjusted relative risk of mortality associated with the development of acute renal impairment was 4.057 (P < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and age were the most significant independent risk factors predicting the development of acute renal impairment in SARS. Conclusion Acute renal impairment is uncommon in SARS but carries a high mortality. The acute renal impairment is likely to be related to multi-organ failure rather than the kidney tropism of the virus. The development of acute renal impairment is an important negative prognostic indicator for survival with SARS.

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Global epidemiology of meningococcal disease.

Lee Harrison, Caroline L Trotter, Mary E. Ramsay (2009)

As reviewed in this paper, meningococcal disease epidemiology varies substantially by geographic area and time. The disease can occur as sporadic cases, outbreaks, and large epidemics. Surveillance is crucial for understanding meningococcal disease epidemiology, as well as the need for and impact of vaccination. Despite limited data from some regions of the world and constant change, current meningococcal disease epidemiology can be summarized by region. By far the highest incidence of meningococcal disease occurs in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa. During epidemics, the incidence can approach 1000 per 100,000, or 1% of the population. Serogroup A has been the most important serogroup in this region. However, serogroup C disease has also occurred, as has serogroup X disease and, most recently, serogroup W-135 disease. In the Americas, the reported incidence of disease, in the range of 0.3-4 cases per 100,000 population, is much lower than in the meningitis belt. In addition, in some countries such as the United States, the incidence is at an historical low. The bulk of the disease in the Americas is caused by serogroups C and B, although serogroup Y causes a substantial proportion of infections in some countries and W-135 is becoming increasingly problematic as well. The majority of meningococcal disease in European countries, which ranges in incidence from 0.2 to 14 cases per 100,000, is caused by serogroup B strains, particularly in countries that have introduced serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Serogroup B also predominates in Australia and New Zealand, in Australia because of the control of serogroup C disease through vaccination and in New Zealand because of a serogroup B epidemic. Based on limited data, most disease in Asia is caused by serogroup A and C strains. Although this review summarizes the current status of meningococcal disease epidemiology, the dynamic nature of this disease requires ongoing surveillance both to provide data for vaccine formulation and vaccine policy and to monitor the impact of vaccines following introduction.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ellis D. Avner: eavner33@gmail.com

William E. Harmon: william.Harmon@childrens.harvard.edu

Patrick Niaudet: +333314449-4463 , +333314449-4460 , niaudet@necker.fr

Norishige Yoshikawa: +8181734410632 , +8181734449055 , nori@wakayama-med.ac.jp

Francesco Emma: francesco.emma@opbg.net

Stuart L. Goldstein: stuart.goldstein@cchmc.org

Jennifer Stevens: stevensjae@hotmail.com

Jethro A. Herberg: j.herberg@imperial.ac.uk

Michael Levin: m.levin@imperial.ac.uk

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): 978-3-662-43596-0

Journal ID (doi): 10.1007/978-3-662-43596-0

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pediatric Nephrology

Title: Pediatric Nephrology

ISBN (Print): 978-3-662-43595-3

ISBN (Electronic): 978-3-662-43596-0

Publication date (Electronic): 25 August 2015

Pages: 1609-1654

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.414086.f, ISNI 000000010568442X, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, , Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital, Health System of Wisconsin, ; Milwaukee, Wisconsin USA

[2 ]GRID grid.38142.3c, ISNI 000000041936754X, Boston Children’s Hospital, , Harvard Medical School, ; Boston, Massachusetts USA

[3 ]Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France

[4 ]GRID grid.412857.d, ISNI 0000000417631087, Department of Pediatrics, , Wakayama Medical University, ; Wakayama City, Japan

[5 ]GRID grid.414125.7, ISNI 0000000107276809, Division of Nephrology, , Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital – IRCCS, ; Rome, Italy

[6 ]GRID grid.239573.9, ISNI 0000000090258099, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Heart Institute, , Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, ; Cincinnati, Ohio USA

[7 ]GRID grid.241103.5, ISNI 0000000101697725, University Hospital Wales, ; Cardiff, S. Wales UK

[8 ]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000000121138111, Imperial College London, ; London, UK

[9 ]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000000121138111, Department of Medicine, , Imperial College London, ; London, UK

Article

Publisher ID: 47

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43596-0_47

PMC ID: 7121291

SO-VID: 6972fa5a-fab7-4eae-8f88-8c7a08fd9265

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This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Keywords: human immunodeficiency virus,nephrotic syndrome,kawasaki disease,severe acute respiratory syndrome,disseminate intravascular coagulation

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Keywords: human immunodeficiency virus, nephrotic syndrome, kawasaki disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome, disseminate intravascular coagulation

Infectious Diseases and the Kidney in Children

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Microbiology Society: Coronaviruses

Most cited references 192

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002.

Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome

Global epidemiology of meningococcal disease.

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