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      Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the first GIII.2 bovine norovirus in China

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          Abstract

          Background

          Norovirus (NoV) is recognized as a highly contagious enteric pathogen of mammals, and bovine norovirus (BNoV) is associated with calf diarrhoea and has caused great economic losses in the cattle industry.

          Results

          Here, we describe a case of emerging calf diarrhoea on a cattle farm in Henan Province, Central China. BNoV was the only enteric pathogen detected in outbreaks according to tests for enteric viruses, bacteria and parasites. The complete genome of the newly identified strain CH-HNSC-2018 was successfully sequenced and found to be 7342 nucleotides in length. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that CH-HNSC-2018 belongs to GIII.2 BNoV. Further analysis of the major capsid protein demonstrated that it is separated by specific genetic distances from previous BNoV strains identified in China and has 4 new amino acid (aa) mutations, 134A, 327 T, 380 L and 423A, in the VP1 protein and 11 aa substitutions in the hypervariable P2 subdomain, suggesting that the BNoV strains circulating in China are diverse.

          Conclusions

          This is the first detection of GIII.2 BNoV in the VP1 region in China. This report should form a basis for further molecular studies on NoV and bovine enteric viruses in China.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2060-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Isolation of small viruses resembling astroviruses and caliciviruses from acute enteritis of calves.

          J Bridger, G Woode (1978)
          Small round viruses (SRV) were isolated from the faeces of diarrhoeic calves from three farms. All three SRV preparations caused diarrhoea experimentally in gnotobiotic calves. Each preparation contained viral particles of two morphological types, "astrovirus-like" and "calicivirus-like", and from one preparation the two particle types were separated from each other. The calicivirus-like agent ("Newbury agent") was 33 nm in diameter, and caused diarrhoea in gnotobiotic calves with villous atrophy and D-xylose malabsorption. This virus did not infect cell cultures. The astrovirus-like agent did not cause diarrhoea in two gnotobiotic calves; however, it infected cell cultures (primary calf kidney) and the infected cells immunofluoresced with convalescent gnotobiotic-calf antiserum. The astrovirus-like agents in the three preparations were antigenically related. Experiments in calves showed that there was a degree of cross-protection between the three SRV preparations, as judged by the presence or absence of diarrhoea, but that at least three unrelated pathogens were present.
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            The P domain of norovirus capsid protein forms dimer and binds to histo-blood group antigen receptors.

            Ming Ming Tan, Rashmi Hegde, Xi Jiang (2004)
            Noroviruses (NVs) are the most important pathogen of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. The recent finding that NVs recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors provided a new approach to study the pathogenesis of NVs. Using computational and site-directed mutagenesis approaches, our investigators previously identified a plausible binding pocket in the P domain of the NV capsids. In this study, we further characterize the role of the P domain in the interaction with human HBGA receptors using three NV strains representing three binding patterns. Our results show that the isolated P domain, although it did not form virus-like particles (VLPs), formed dimers, and the dimers bound HBGAs with the same patterns as those of the intact viral capsids. In contrast, the S domain, which formed small, thin-layer VLPs, did not bind A, B, or H HBGAs. A chimera containing the S domain of VA387 and the P domain of MOH revealed a binding pattern of the P donor strain (MOH). Deletion experiments revealed that an intact P domain is necessary for receptor binding. The P domain dimers are stable over a broad range of pH (2 to 11) or under strong denaturing conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that the P domain of NV contains essential elements for strain-specific binding to receptors. Further study of the P domain will provide useful information about the virus-receptor interaction. The high yield and easy production of the recombinant P protein in the Escherichia coli expression system will provide a simple approach to this goal.
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              Emergence of a norovirus GII.4 strain correlates with changes in evolving blockade epitopes.

              Jan Vinjé, Lucy F Donaldson, Kari Debbink … (2013)
              The major capsid protein of norovirus GII.4 strains is evolving rapidly, resulting in epidemic strains with altered antigenicity. GII.4.2006 Minerva strains circulated at pandemic levels in 2006 and persisted at lower levels until 2009. In 2009, a new GII.4 variant, GII.4.2009 New Orleans, emerged and since then has become the predominant strain circulating in human populations. To determine whether changes in evolving blockade epitopes correlate with the emergence of the GII.4.2009 New Orleans strains, we compared the antibody reactivity of a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against GII.4.2006 and GII.4.2009 virus-like particles (VLPs). Both anti-GII.4.2006 and GII.4.2009 MAbs effectively differentiated the two strains by VLP-carbohydrate ligand blockade assay. Most of the GII.4.2006 MAbs preferentially blocked GII.4.2006, while all of the GII.4.2009 MAbs preferentially blocked GII.4.2009, although 8 of 12 tested blockade MAbs blocked both VLPs. Using mutant VLPs designed to alter predicted antigenic epitopes, binding of seven of the blockade MAbs was impacted by alterations in epitope A, identifying residues 294, 296, 297, 298, 368, and 372 as important antigenic sites in these strains. Convalescent-phase serum collected from a GII.4.2009 outbreak confirmed the immunodominance of epitope A, since alterations of epitope A affected serum reactivity by 40%. These data indicate that the GII.4.2009 New Orleans variant has evolved a key blockade epitope, possibly allowing for at least partial escape from protective herd immunity and provide epidemiological support for the utility of monitoring changes in epitope A in emergent strain surveillance.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xiaozhan Zhang: +86 13121215099 , xiaozhan063@163.com
                Yali Lan: +86-371-65714519 , yali2005haonan@sina.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Vet Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Vet. Res
                Title: BMC Veterinary Research
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1746-6148
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 September 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 2 September 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 311
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0627 4537, GRID grid.495707.8, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ; Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
                [2 ]Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9139 560X, GRID grid.256922.8, College of Pharmaceutical Engineering, , Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, ; Zhengzhou, 450046 Henan China
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9139 560X, GRID grid.256922.8, College of Veterinary Medicine, , Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, ; Zhengzhou, 450046 Henan China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4083-5331
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2060
                DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2060-0
                PMC ID: 6720400
                PubMed ID: 31477115
                SO-VID: 6975b27a-0e0d-4f60-be71-36d225873419
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2019
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 8 April 2019
                Date accepted : 25 August 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: bovine norovirus,diarrhoea,phylogenetic analyses,china
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: bovine norovirus, diarrhoea, phylogenetic analyses, china

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