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      Enfermedad celiaca: causas, patología y valoración nutricional de la dieta sin gluten. Revisión Translated title: Celiac disease: causes, pathology, and nutritional assessment of gluten-free diet. A review

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: los pacientes celiacos sufren deficiencias antes y durante el mantenimiento de la dieta sin gluten; esto se debe a la malabsorción asociada a la enfermedad y a los alimentos no enriquecidos, en su mayoría procesados, altos en grasas saturadas y deficientes en los minerales típicamente presentes en el trigo. Objetivos: el principal objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica es recopilar aquellos trabajos que centren su atención en determinar las bases moleculares de la enfermedad celiaca y que pudieran explicar las deficiencias nutricionales que conlleva dicha dieta, y efectuar una valoración de la dieta sin gluten y sus deficiencias nutricionales una vez restauradas las microvellosidades intestinales. Material y métodos: se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica a través de bases de datos electrónicas. El contenido de la revisión se ha centrado en la patogénesis de la enfermedad celiaca y la valoración de la dieta sin gluten que se instaura como tratamiento. Resultados: numerosos estudios encuentran una deficiencia nutricional de micronutrientes en los pacientes celiacos sin tratar, principalmente en términos de calcio, hierro, fibra, ácido fólico, omega-3, vitamina B12 y vitamina D. Se ha observado que la calidad de vida de los pacientes celiacos, una vez iniciado el tratamiento, se ve reducida y que ello conlleva una baja adherencia a la dieta sin gluten. Además, estas dietas sin gluten, en el caso de que se sigan sin la supervisión de un especialista en nutrición, conllevan un aumento del riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares y metabólicas, sobrepeso y obesidad. Conclusión: la dieta sin gluten que siguen los pacientes celiacos suele conllevar ciertas deficiencias nutricionales como, por ejemplo, déficits de vitaminas del grupo B, vitamina D, calcio, hierro, ácido fólico y fibra, lo que se debe principalmente a la deficiente calidad nutricional de los productos sin gluten con respecto a sus equivalentes con gluten y a un bajo seguimiento por parte de los profesionales sanitarios.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: celiac patients suffer deficiencies before and during their maintenance of a gluten-free diet. This is due to malabsorption, associated with the disease, and to non-enriched, mostly processed foods high in saturated fats and deficient in the minerals typically present in wheat. Objectives: the main objective of this review was to determine the molecular basis of celiac disease and the nutritional deficiencies that gluten-free diet entails, as well as an assessment of gluten-free diet and its nutritional deficiencies once the intestinal microvilli have been restored. Material and methods: a bibliographic search was carried out through electronic databases. The content of the review focuses on the pathogenesis of celiac disease and the assessment of gluten-free diet when established for treatment. Results: the main deficiencies that occur in untreated celiac patients are (calcium, iron, fiber, folic acid, omega-3, vitamin B12, and vitamin D). It has been observed that the quality of life of celiac patients, after starting treatment, is reduced, and this leads to low adherence to gluten-free diet. In addition, these gluten-free diets without proper follow-up by a nutritionist entail other deficits such as: an increase in the risk of cardiovascular, metabolic, overweight and obesity diseases. Conclusion: gluten-free diet, as followed by celiac patients, usually entails certain deficiencies such as group-B vitamins, vitamin D, calcium, iron, folic acid, and fiber, which is mainly due to the poor nutritional quality of gluten-free products as compared to their equivalents with gluten, and a scarce monitoring by health professionals.

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          Most cited references28

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          Coeliac disease

          Coeliac disease occurs in about 1% of people in most populations. Diagnosis rates are increasing, and this seems to be due to a true rise in incidence rather than increased awareness and detection. Coeliac disease develops in genetically susceptible individuals who, in response to unknown environmental factors, develop an immune response that is subsequently triggered by the ingestion of gluten. The disease has many clinical manifestations, ranging from severe malabsorption to minimally symptomatic or non-symptomatic presentations. Diagnosis requires the presence of duodenal villous atrophy, and most patients have circulating antibodies against tissue transglutaminase; in children, European guidelines allow a diagnosis without a duodenal biopsy provided that strict symptomatic and serological criteria are met. Although a gluten-free diet is an effective treatment in most individuals, a substantial minority develop persistent or recurrent symptoms. Difficulties adhering to a gluten-free diet have led to the development of non-dietary therapies, several of which are undergoing trials in human beings.
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            What is gluten?

            Gluten is the main storage protein of wheat grains. Gluten is a complex mixture of hundreds of related but distinct proteins, mainly gliadin and glutenin. Similar storage proteins exist as secalin in rye, hordein in barley, and avenins in oats and are collectively referred to as "gluten." The objective was to discuss the biochemical and functional properties of the gluten proteins, including structure, sources, and dietary intakes. Literature was reviewed from food science and nutrition journals. The gluten protein networks vary because of different components and sizes, and variability caused by genotype, growing conditions, and technological processes. The structures and interactions of this matrix contribute to the unique properties of gluten. The resulting functions are essential to determining the dough quality of bread and other baked products. Gluten is heat stable and has the capacity to act as a binding and extending agent and is commonly used as an additive in processed foods for improved texture, moisture retention, and flavor. Gliadin contains peptide sequences that are highly resistant to gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal proteolytic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. The average daily gluten intake in a Western diet is thought to be 5-20 g/day and has been implicated in several disorders. Gluten containing grains (wheat, rye, barley, and oats) are important staple foods. Gluten is among the most complex protein networks and plays a key role in determining the rheological dough properties.
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              Celiac disease: understanding the gluten-free diet.

              The only effective and safe treatment of celiac disease (CD) continues being strict exclusion of gluten for life, the so-called gluten-free diet (GFD). Although this treatment is highly successful, following strict GFD poses difficulties to patients in family, social and working contexts, deteriorating his/her quality of life. We aimed to review main characteristics of GFD with special emphasis on factors that may interfere with adherence to it.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                October 2020
                : 37
                : 5
                : 1043-1051
                Affiliations
                [1] Murcia Murcia orgnameUniversidad de Murcia orgdiv1Facultad de Veterinaria orgdiv2Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112020000700023 S0212-1611(20)03700500023
                10.20960/nh.02913
                69b98d6d-40b1-4da9-97c1-df6774a524d8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 October 2019
                : 03 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                Nutrition,Micronutrients,Autoimmune disease,Celiac disease,Gluten,Micronutrientes,Nutrición,Enfermedad autoinmune,Enfermedad celiaca

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