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      Marine Sponge Derived Natural Products between 2001 and 2010: Trends and Opportunities for Discovery of Bioactives

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          Abstract

          Marine sponges belonging to the phylum Porifera (Metazoa), evolutionarily the oldest animals are the single best source of marine natural products. The present review presents a comprehensive overview of the source, taxonomy, country of origin or geographical position, chemical class, and biological activity of sponge-derived new natural products discovered between 2001 and 2010. The data has been analyzed with a view to gaining an outlook on the future trends and opportunities in the search for new compounds and their sources from marine sponges.

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          Most cited references195

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          Natural products in drug discovery and development.

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            An environmental bacterial taxon with a large and distinct metabolic repertoire.

            Cultivated bacteria such as actinomycetes are a highly useful source of biomedically important natural products. However, such 'talented' producers represent only a minute fraction of the entire, mostly uncultivated, prokaryotic diversity. The uncultured majority is generally perceived as a large, untapped resource of new drug candidates, but so far it is unknown whether taxa containing talented bacteria indeed exist. Here we report the single-cell- and metagenomics-based discovery of such producers. Two phylotypes of the candidate genus 'Entotheonella' with genomes of greater than 9 megabases and multiple, distinct biosynthetic gene clusters co-inhabit the chemically and microbially rich marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Almost all bioactive polyketides and peptides known from this animal were attributed to a single phylotype. 'Entotheonella' spp. are widely distributed in sponges and belong to an environmental taxon proposed here as candidate phylum 'Tectomicrobia'. The pronounced bioactivities and chemical uniqueness of 'Entotheonella' compounds provide significant opportunities for ecological studies and drug discovery.
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              Assessing the complex sponge microbiota: core, variable and species-specific bacterial communities in marine sponges.

              Marine sponges are well known for their associations with highly diverse, yet very specific and often highly similar microbiota. The aim of this study was to identify potential bacterial sub-populations in relation to sponge phylogeny and sampling sites and to define the core bacterial community. 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing was applied to 32 sponge species from eight locations around the world's oceans, thereby generating 2567 operational taxonomic units (OTUs at the 97% sequence similarity level) in total and up to 364 different OTUs per sponge species. The taxonomic richness detected in this study comprised 25 bacterial phyla with Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Poribacteria being most diverse in sponges. Among these phyla were nine candidate phyla, six of them found for the first time in sponges. Similarity comparison of bacterial communities revealed no correlation with host phylogeny but a tropical sub-population in that tropical sponges have more similar bacterial communities to each other than to subtropical sponges. A minimal core bacterial community consisting of very few OTUs (97%, 95% and 90%) was found. These microbes have a global distribution and are probably acquired via environmental transmission. In contrast, a large species-specific bacterial community was detected, which is represented by OTUs present in only a single sponge species. The species-specific bacterial community is probably mainly vertically transmitted. It is proposed that different sponges contain different bacterial species, however, these bacteria are still closely related to each other explaining the observed similarity of bacterial communities in sponges in this and previous studies. This global analysis represents the most comprehensive study of bacterial symbionts in sponges to date and provides novel insights into the complex structure of these unique associations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Mar Drugs
                Mar Drugs
                marinedrugs
                Marine Drugs
                MDPI
                1660-3397
                19 August 2014
                August 2014
                : 12
                : 8
                : 4539-4577
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; E-Mails: mohammad.mehbub@ 123456flinders.edu.au (M.F.M.); etuferdous@ 123456yahoo.com (J.L.)
                [2 ]Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
                [3 ]Department of Fisheries Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
                Author notes
                [* ]Authors to whom all correspondence should be addressed: E-Mails: chris.franco@ 123456flinders.edu.au (C.F.); wei.zhang@ 123456flinders.edu.au (W.Z.); Tel.: +61-8-72218554 (C.F.); +61-8-72218557 (W.Z.); Fax: +61-8-72218555 (C.F. & W.Z.).
                Article
                marinedrugs-12-04539
                10.3390/md12084539
                4145330
                25196730
                69fb6989-ef8f-40da-9d82-355e093579a8
                © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 31 March 2014
                : 07 July 2014
                : 15 July 2014
                Categories
                Review

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                marine sponges,porifera,marine natural products,anticancer,sponge-associated bacteria,drug,bioactive compounds

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