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      All-cause mortality over a three-year period among community-dwelling older adults in Southern Brazil Translated title: Mortalidade por todas as causas em um período de três anos entre idosos não institucionalizados do Sul do Brasil

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate all-cause mortality in approximately three years of follow-up and related sociodemographic, behavioral and health factors in community-dwelling older adults in Pelotas, RS. Methods: This was a longitudinal observational study that included 1,451 older adults (≥ 60 years) who were interviewed in 2014. Information on mortality was collected from their households in 2016–2017 and confirmed with the Epidemiological Surveillance department of the city and by documents from family members. Associations between mortality and independent variables were assessed by crude and multiple Cox regression, with hazard ratio with respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Almost 10% (n = 145) of the participants died during an average of 2.5 years of follow-up, with a higher frequency of deaths among males (12.9%), ?80 years (25.2%), widowhood (15.0%), no education (13.8%) and who did not work (10.5%). Factors associated with higher mortality were: being a male (HR = 2.8; 95%CI 1.9 – 4.2), age ?80 years (HR = 3.9; 95%CI 2.4 – 6.2), widowhood (HR = 2.2; 95%CI 1.4 – 3.7), physical inactivity (HR = 2.3; 95%CI 1.1 – 4..6), current smoking (HR = 2.1; 95%CI 1.2 – 3.6), hospitalizations in the previous year (HR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.2 – 3.2), depressive symptoms (HR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.2 – 3,4) and dependence for two or more daily life activities (HR = 3.1; 95%CI 1,7 – 5.7). Conclusion: The identification of factors that increased the risk of early death makes it possible to improve public policies aimed at controlling the modifiable risk factors that can lead to aging with a better quality of life.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a mortalidade por todas as causas em aproximadamente três anos de acompanhamento e os fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de saúde em idosos comunitários de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Foi um estudo observacional longitudinal que incluiu 1.451 idosos (≥ 60 anos) entrevistados em 2014. As informações sobre mortalidade foram coletadas nos domicílios em 2016–2017, confirmadas com o setor de Vigilância Epidemiológica do município e por documentos de familiares. As associações entre mortalidade e as variáveis independentes, por regressão de Cox simples e múltipla, foram apresentadas pelos riscos relativos com os respectivos intervalos de confiança (95%). Resultados: Quase 10% (n = 145) dos participantes morreram durante uma média de 2,5 anos de acompanhamento, sendo a maior frequência de óbitos em homens (12,9%), indivíduos com ≥ 80 anos (25,2%) e viúvos (15,0%). Estiveram associadas ao maior risco de mortalidade: sexo masculino (RR = 2,8; IC95% 1,9 – 4,2), ≥ 80 anos (RR = 3,9; IC95% 2,4 – 6,2), viuvez (RR = 2,2; IC95% 1,4 – 3,7), inatividade física (RR = 2,3; IC95% 1,1 – 4,6), tabagismo atual (RR = 2,1; IC95% 1,2 – 3,8), hospitalização no último ano (RR = 2,0; IC95% 1,2 – 3,2), sintomas depressivos (RR = 2,1; IC95% 1,2 – 3,6) e dependência para duas ou mais atividades diárias (RR = 3,1; IC95% 1,7 – 5,7). Conclusão: A identificação dos fatores que aumentaram o risco de óbito precocemente possibilita melhorar políticas públicas que visem controlar os fatores de risco modificáveis para um envelhecimento com melhor qualidade de vida.

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          Screening for nutritional status in the elderly.

          A comprehensive assessment of nutritional status is a critically important component of any patient evaluation. Based upon clinical information, anthropometric data, and a small number of laboratory investigations, an accurate appraisal of nutritional status should be possible and an appropriate intervention plan can be developed. The actual approach depends on the particular problem discovered. These are discussed in detail elsewhere in this issue.
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            Burden of disease in Brazil, 1990–2016: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

            Summary Background Political, economic, and epidemiological changes in Brazil have affected health and the health system. We used the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD 2016) results to understand changing health patterns and inform policy responses. Methods We analysed GBD 2016 estimates for life expectancy at birth (LE), healthy life expectancy (HALE), all-cause and cause-specific mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and risk factors for Brazil, its 26 states, and the Federal District from 1990 to 2016, and compared these with national estimates for ten comparator countries. Findings Nationally, LE increased from 68·4 years (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·0–68·9) in 1990 to 75·2 years (74·7–75·7) in 2016, and HALE increased from 59·8 years (57·1–62·1) to 65·5 years (62·5–68·0). All-cause age-standardised mortality rates decreased by 34·0% (33·4–34·5), while all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 30·2% (27·7–32·8); the magnitude of declines varied among states. In 2016, ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of age-standardised YLLs, followed by interpersonal violence. Low back and neck pain, sense organ diseases, and skin diseases were the main causes of YLDs in 1990 and 2016. Leading risk factors contributing to DALYs in 2016 were alcohol and drug use, high blood pressure, and high body-mass index. Interpretation Health improved from 1990 to 2016, but improvements and disease burden varied between states. An epidemiological transition towards non-communicable diseases and related risks occurred nationally, but later in some states, while interpersonal violence grew as a health concern. Policy makers can use these results to address health disparities. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Brazilian Ministry of Health.
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              Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis

              Introduction Loneliness has social and health implications. The aim of this article is to evaluate the association of loneliness with all-cause mortality. Methods Pubmed, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Scopus databases were searched through June 2016 for published articles that measured loneliness and mortality. The main characteristics and the effect size values of each article were extracted. Moreover, an evaluation of the quality of the articles included was also carried out. A meta-analysis was performed firstly with all the included articles and secondly separating by gender, using a random effects model. Results A total of 35 articles involving 77220 participants were included in the systematic review. Loneliness is a risk factor for all-cause mortality [pooled HR = 1.22, 95% CI = (1.10, 1.35), p < 0.001] for both genders together, and for women [pooled HR = 1.26, 95% CI = (1.07, 1.48); p = 0.005] and men [pooled HR = 1.44; 95% CI = (1.19, 1.76); p < 0.001] separately. Conclusions Loneliness shows a harmful effect for all-cause mortality and this effect is slightly stronger in men than in women. Moreover, the impact of loneliness was independent from the quality evaluation of each article and the effect of depression.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbepid
                Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia
                Rev. bras. epidemiol.
                Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1415-790X
                1980-5497
                2021
                : 24
                : e210015
                Affiliations
                [4] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Postgraduate Program in Physical Education Brazil
                [1] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Faculty of Nutrition Brazil
                [2] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology Brazil
                [3] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Católica de Pelotas orgdiv1Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior Brazil
                Article
                S1415-790X2021000100411 S1415-790X(21)02400000411
                10.1590/1980-549720210015
                33825775
                6a201744-8dd9-4631-a8c7-73029528690e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 October 2020
                : 27 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 0

                Mortality,Aging,Risk factors,Mortalidade,Envelhecimento,Health of the elderly,Fatores de risco,Saúde do idoso

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