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      Diagnostic accuracy of sonography for pleural effusion: systematic review Translated title: Acurácia diagnóstica da ultrassonografia nos derrames pleurais: revisão sistemática

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          ABSTRACT

          CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:

          The initial method for evaluating the presence of pleural effusion was chest radiography. Isolated studies have shown that sonography has greater accuracy than radiography for this diagnosis; however, no systematic reviews on this matter are available in the literature. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of sonography in detecting pleural effusion, by means of a systematic review of the literature.

          DESIGN AND SETTING:

          This was a systematic review with meta-analysis on accuracy studies. This study was conducted in the Department of Diagnostic Imaging and in the Brazilian Cochrane Center, Discipline of Emergency Medicine and Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.

          METHOD:

          The following databases were searched: Cochrane Library, Medline, Web of Science, Embase and Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs). The references of relevant studies were also screened for additional citations of interest. Studies in which the accuracy of sonography for detecting pleural effusion was tested, with an acceptable reference standard (computed tomography or thoracic drainage), were included.

          RESULTS:

          Four studies were included. All of them showed that sonography had high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detecting pleural effusions. The mean sensitivity was 93% (95% confidence interval, CI: 89% to 96%), and specificity was 96% (95% CI: 95% to 98%).

          CONCLUSIONS:

          In different populations and clinical settings, sonography showed consistently high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detecting fluid in the pleural space.

          RESUMO

          CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS:

          O método inicial para a avaliação da presença dos derrames pleurais foi a radiografia de tórax. Estudos isolados demonstraram que a ultrassonografia apresenta uma acurácia maior que a radiografia para este diagnóstico, entretanto, não se encontram disponíveis na literatura revisões sistemáticas sobre este tema. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a acurácia da ultrassonografia na detecção de derrame pleural, por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura.

          TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL:

          Revisão sistemática com metanálise de estudos de acurácia. O estudo foi conduzido no Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imagem e no Centro Cochrane do Brasil/Disciplina de Medicina de Urgência e Medicina Baseada em Evidências do Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.

          MÉTODOS:

          Foram pesquisadas as seguintes bases de dados: Cochrane Library, Medline, Web of Science, Embase e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs). As referências de estudos relevantes foram verificadas para adicionais citações de interesse. Foram incluídos estudos nos quais a acurácia da ultrassonografia para a detecção de derrame pleural tenha sido testada, com padrão referência aceitável (tomografia computadorizada ou drenagem torácica).

          RESULTADOS:

          Foram incluídos quatro estudos. Todos apresentaram alta sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia para a detecção de derrame pleural pela ultrassonografia. A sensibilidade média foi de 93% (intervalo de confiança, IC 95%: 89% a 96%), e a especificidade 96% (IC 95%: 95% a 98%).

          CONCLUSÕES:

          A ultrassonografia, em diferentes populações e cenários clínicos, apresentou consistentemente alta sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia na detecção de líquido no espaço pleural.

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          Most cited references42

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          The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews

          Background In the era of evidence based medicine, with systematic reviews as its cornerstone, adequate quality assessment tools should be available. There is currently a lack of a systematically developed and evaluated tool for the assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. The aim of this project was to combine empirical evidence and expert opinion in a formal consensus method to develop a tool to be used in systematic reviews to assess the quality of primary studies of diagnostic accuracy. Methods We conducted a Delphi procedure to develop the quality assessment tool by refining an initial list of items. Members of the Delphi panel were experts in the area of diagnostic research. The results of three previously conducted reviews of the diagnostic literature were used to generate a list of potential items for inclusion in the tool and to provide an evidence base upon which to develop the tool. Results A total of nine experts in the field of diagnostics took part in the Delphi procedure. The Delphi procedure consisted of four rounds, after which agreement was reached on the items to be included in the tool which we have called QUADAS. The initial list of 28 items was reduced to fourteen items in the final tool. Items included covered patient spectrum, reference standard, disease progression bias, verification bias, review bias, clinical review bias, incorporation bias, test execution, study withdrawals, and indeterminate results. The QUADAS tool is presented together with guidelines for scoring each of the items included in the tool. Conclusions This project has produced an evidence based quality assessment tool to be used in systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies. Further work to determine the usability and validity of the tool continues.
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            Ultrasound diagnosis of alveolar consolidation in the critically ill.

            Alveolar consolidation is a basic concern in critically ill patients. Radiography is not a precise tool, and referral to CT raises problems (transport, irradiation). The aim of this study was to assess the utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis of alveolar consolidation. Prospective clinical study. The medical ICU of a university-affiliated teaching hospital. A total of 65 cases of alveolar consolidation proven on CT were compared to 53 CT controls. Alveolar consolidation was defined as a tissue-like pattern visible at the chest wall, arising from the pleural line and devoid of centrifugal inspiratory dynamics. Feasibility was 99%. In 65 cases of alveolar consolidation, ultrasound was positive in 59 and negative in 6. In 52 analyzable controls, ultrasound was negative in 51 and positive in 1. Sensitivity of ultrasound was 90% and specificity 98%. A concordance test showed a Kappa coefficient of 0.89. Among 62 posterior locations on CT, ultrasound showed posterior consolidation patterns in 56 cases and was negative in 6. Ultrasound showed anterior involvement in all 3 cases of whole lung consolidation. Ultrasound provides a reliable non-invasive, bedside method for accurate detection and location of alveolar consolidation in critically ill patients.
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              Ultrasound estimation of volume of pleural fluid in mechanically ventilated patients.

              The aim was to develop a practical method for estimation of the volume of pleural effusion using ultrasonography in mechanically ventilated patients. Prospective observational study. 20-bed general intensive care unit in the university hospital. 81 patients were included after initial suspicion of pleural fluid on chest supine X-ray and pre-puncture ultrasound confirming effusion. Patients with thoracic deformities, post-lung surgery, with diaphragm pathology, haemothorax, empyema and with incomplete aspiration of pleural fluid on post-puncture ultrasound were excluded. Patients were supine with mild trunk elevation at 15 degrees . Probe was moved upwards in posterior axillary line, and transverse section perpendicular to the body axis was obtained with pleural separation visible at lung base. The maximal distance between parietal and visceral pleura (Sep) in end-expiration was recorded. Thoracentesis was performed at previous probe position and volume of pleural fluid (V) recorded. 92 effusions were evaluated and drained; 11 (12%) were excluded for incomplete aspiration. Success rate of obtaining fluid under ultrasound guidance was 100%; the incidence of pneumothorax or bleeding was zero. Mean Sep was 35+/-13 mm. Mean V was 658+/-320 ml. Significant positive correlation between both Sep and V was found: r=0.72; r(2)=0.52; p<0.001. The amount of pleural fluid volume can be estimated with the simplified formula: V (ml)=20 x Sep (mm). Mean prediction error of V using Sep was 158.4+/-160.6 ml. Easy quantification of pleural fluid may help to decide about performing thoracentesis in high-risk patients, although thoracentesis under ultrasound guidance appears to be a safe procedure.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                04 March 2010
                2010
                : 128
                : 2
                : 90-95
                Affiliations
                [I ] originalMD. Radiologist in the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo — Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.
                [II ] originalPhD. Professor in the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo — Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.
                [III ] originalPhD. Full professor of the Discipline of Emergency Medicine and Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.
                [IV ] originalPhD. Full professor of the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo — Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.
                [V ] originalMD. Radiologist in the Department of Diagnostic Imaging and affiliated researcher at the Brazilian Cochrane Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo — Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.
                Author notes
                [Address for correspondence: ] Alexandre Grimberg Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imagem (Secretaria) Rua Napoleão de Barros, 800 Vila Clementino — São Paulo (SP) — Brasil CEP 04024-002 Tel. (+55 11) 5908-7900 E-mail: agrimberg@ 123456gmail.com

                Conflict of interest: None

                Article
                10.1590/S1516-31802010000200009
                10938974
                20676576
                6a224dba-741e-455d-aaeb-fcc003192948

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 01 March 2010
                : 27 May 2010
                : 28 May 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Systematic Review

                pleural effusion,ultrasonography,sensitivity and specificity,review [publication type],meta-analysis [publication type],diagnostic imaging,derrame pleural,ultrassonografia,sensibilidade e especificidade,revisão,metanálise,diagnóstico por imagem

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