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      The Anti-Cancer IgM Monoclonal Antibody PAT-SM6 Binds with High Avidity to the Unfolded Protein Response Regulator GRP78

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          Abstract

          The monoclonal IgM antibody PAT-SM6 derived from human tumours induces apoptosis in tumour cells and is considered a potential anti-cancer agent. A primary target for PAT-SM6 is the unfolded protein response regulator GRP78, over-expressed externally on the cell surface of tumour cells. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of human GRP78 showed a two-domain dumbbell-shaped monomer, while SAXS analysis of PAT-SM6 revealed a saucer-shaped structure accommodating five-fold symmetry, consistent with previous studies of related proteins. Sedimentation velocity analysis of GRP78 and PAT-SM6 mixtures indicated weak complex formation characterized by dissociation constants in the high micromolar concentration range. In contrast, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays (ELISAs) showed strong and specific interactions between PAT-SM6 and immobilized GRP78. The apparent binding constant estimated from a PAT-SM6 saturation curve correlated strongly with the concentration of GRP78 used to coat the microtiter tray. Experiments using polyclonal antiGRP78 IgG antibodies or a monoclonal IgG derivative of PAT-SM6 did not show a similar dependence. Competition experiments with soluble GRP78 indicated more effective inhibition of PAT-SM6 binding at low GRP78 coating concentrations. These observations suggest an avidity-based binding mechanism that depends on the multi-point attachment of PAT-SM6 to GRP78 clustered on the surface of the tray. Analysis of ELISA data at high GRP78 coating concentrations yielded an apparent dissociation constant of approximately 4 nM. We propose that the biological action of PAT-SM6 in tumour cell apoptosis may depend on the multivalent nature of PAT-SM6 and the high avidity of its interaction with multiple GRP78 molecules clustered on the tumour cell surface.

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          Most cited references23

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          Global rigid body modeling of macromolecular complexes against small-angle scattering data.

          New methods to automatically build models of macromolecular complexes from high-resolution structures or homology models of their subunits or domains against x-ray or neutron small-angle scattering data are presented. Depending on the complexity of the object, different approaches are employed for the global search of the optimum configuration of subunits fitting the experimental data. An exhaustive grid search is used for hetero- and homodimeric particles and for symmetric oligomers formed by identical subunits. For the assemblies or multidomain proteins containing more then one subunit/domain per asymmetric unit, heuristic algorithms based on simulated annealing are used. Fast computational algorithms based on spherical harmonics representation of scattering amplitudes are employed. The methods allow one to construct interconnected models without steric clashes, to account for the particle symmetry and to incorporate information from other methods, on distances between specific residues or nucleotides. For multidomain proteins, addition of missing linkers between the domains is possible. Simultaneous fitting of multiple scattering patterns from subcomplexes or deletion mutants is incorporated. The efficiency of the methods is illustrated by their application to complexes of different types in several simulated and practical examples. Limitations and possible ambiguity of rigid body modeling are discussed and simplified docking criteria are provided to rank multiple models. The methods described are implemented in publicly available computer programs running on major hardware platforms.
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            Solution conformation of wild-type E. coli Hsp70 (DnaK) chaperone complexed with ADP and substrate.

            DnaK is the canonical Hsp70 molecular chaperone protein from Escherichia coli. Like other Hsp70s, DnaK comprises two main domains: a 44-kDa N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) that contains ATPase activity, and a 25-kDa substrate-binding domain (SBD) that harbors the substrate-binding site. Here, we report an experimental structure for wild-type, full-length DnaK, complexed with the peptide NRLLLTG and with ADP. It was obtained in aqueous solution by using NMR residual dipolar coupling and spin labeling methods and is based on available crystal structures for the isolated NBD and SBD. By using dynamics methods, we determine that the NBD and SBD are loosely linked and can move in cones of +/-35 degrees with respect to each other. The linker region between the domains is a dynamic random coil. Nevertheless, an average structure can be defined. This structure places the SBD in close proximity of subdomain IA of the NBD and suggests that the SBD collides with the NBD at this area to establish allosteric communication.
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              Natural autoantibodies: from 'horror autotoxicus' to 'gnothi seauton'.

              S Avrameas (1991)
              The immune system of normal unimmunized animals is characterized by the presence of B cells synthesizing and secreting mainly polyreactive, but also monoreactive, IgM and IgG natural antibodies that can react with a variety of self constituents. These antibodies, like the autoantibodies appearing in several immunopathological states, use the same genetic elements as the antibodies directed against environmental antigens, and seem to be encoded by unmutated germ-line genes. Accumulating evidence indicates that these natural auto-antibodies exert various biological roles, both related and unrelated to the immune system. In this article, Stratis Avrameas proposes that natural auto-antibodies, by interacting with the large number of self constituents present in an organism, establish an extensive dynamic network that contributes to the general homeostasis of the organism.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2012
                19 September 2012
                : 7
                : 9
                : e44927
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
                [2 ]Patrys Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
                [3 ]Patrys GmbH, Würzburg, Germany
                Duke University Medical Center, United States of America
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: This work is partially supported by Patrys Ltd, a company currently conducting clinical trials of PAT-SM6 as a potential anti-cancer treatment.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: ZR TDM DMH LLI BEP CH FH GJH YFM. Performed the experiments: ZR TDM CH YFM. Analyzed the data: ZR TDM GJH YFM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LLI BEP CH FH. Wrote the paper: ZR TDM GJH YFM.

                [¤]

                Current address: Horizon Science Pty Ltd, Braeside, Victoria, Australia

                Article
                PONE-D-12-18562
                10.1371/journal.pone.0044927
                3446985
                23028685
                6a2bd5c4-a1a6-4d63-b1d2-1d64bc59b854
                Copyright @ 2012

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 21 June 2012
                : 9 August 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Funding
                This research was supported by the Australian Research Council (LP100100392) with additional support provided by Patrys Ltd. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology
                Biochemistry
                Biophysics
                Immunology
                Immunity
                Immunotherapy
                Molecular Cell Biology
                Signal Transduction
                Signaling Cascades
                Apoptotic Signaling Cascade
                Signaling in Cellular Processes
                Apoptotic Signaling
                Medicine
                Clinical Immunology
                Immunity
                Immunotherapy
                Oncology
                Cancer Treatment
                Immunotherapy

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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