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      Acidification-induced cellular changes in Symbiodinium isolated from Mussismilia braziliensis

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          Abstract

          Dinoflagellates from the Symbiodiniaceae family and corals have an ecologically important endosymbiotic relationship. Scleractinian corals cannot survive for long periods without their symbionts. These algae, also known as zooxanthellae, on the other hand, thrives outside the coral cells. The free-living populations of zooxanthellae are essential for the resilience of the coral to environmental stressors such as temperature anomalies and ocean acidification. Yet, little is known about how ocean acidification may affect the free-living zooxanthellae. In this study we aimed to test morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of zooxanthellae from the Symbiodinium genus isolated from the coral Mussismilia braziliensis, endemic to the Brazilian coast, to acidification led by increased atmospheric CO 2. We tested whether photosynthetic yield, cell ultrastructure, cell density and lipid profile would change after up to 16 days of exposure to pH 7.5 in an atmospheric pCO 2 of 1633 μatm. Photosynthetic yield and cell density were negatively affected and chloroplasts showed vesiculated thylakoids, indicating morphological damage. Moreover, Symbiodinium fatty acid profile drastically changed in acidified condition, showing lower polyunsaturated fatty acids and higher saturated fatty acids contents, when compared to the control, non-acidified condition. These results show that seawater acidification as an only stressor causes significant changes in the physiology, biochemistry and ultrastructure of free-living Symbiodinium.

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          Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs

          A coral reef represents the net accumulation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) produced by corals and other calcifying organisms. If calcification declines, then reef-building capacity also declines. Coral reef calcification depends on the saturation state of the carbonate mineral aragonite of surface waters. By the middle of the next century, an increased concentration of carbon dioxide will decrease the aragonite saturation state in the tropics by 30 percent and biogenic aragonite precipitation by 14 to 30 percent. Coral reefs are particularly threatened, because reef-building organisms secrete metastable forms of CaCO3, but the biogeochemical consequences on other calcifying marine ecosystems may be equally severe.
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            Systematic and Biogeographical Patterns in the Reproductive Biology of Scleractinian Corals

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              Coral bleaching: interpretation of thermal tolerance limits and thermal thresholds in tropical corals

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                5 August 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 8
                : e0220130
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [2 ] Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [3 ] Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [4 ] Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [5 ] Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                Mount Allison University, CANADA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9103-0448
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3215-9633
                Article
                PONE-D-19-03777
                10.1371/journal.pone.0220130
                6681953
                31381568
                6a3c75ae-414c-4b2f-a875-74363f24c507
                © 2019 Hill et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 8 February 2019
                : 9 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 1, Pages: 21
                Funding
                This study was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) and Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis/BRASOIL. GCA, GMAF, LTS, MF, PSS and RLM. received CNPq research productivity fellowships. GMAF, MF and LTS received FAPERJ research productivity fellowships.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Marine Environments
                Sea Water
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Marine Environments
                Sea Water
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Lipids
                Sterols
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Lipids
                Fatty Acids
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Corals
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Corals
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Lipids
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Chloroplasts
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Plant Cell Biology
                Chloroplasts
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Cell Biology
                Chloroplasts
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Plant Cells
                Chloroplasts
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Plant Cell Biology
                Plant Cells
                Chloroplasts
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Cell Biology
                Plant Cells
                Chloroplasts
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Molecular Biology
                Macromolecular Structure Analysis
                Lipid Analysis
                Earth Sciences
                Atmospheric Science
                Atmospheric Chemistry
                Greenhouse Gases
                Carbon Dioxide
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Environmental Chemistry
                Atmospheric Chemistry
                Greenhouse Gases
                Carbon Dioxide
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Environmental Chemistry
                Atmospheric Chemistry
                Greenhouse Gases
                Carbon Dioxide
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Carbon Dioxide
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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