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      The association between metabolic syndrome and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in menopausal women: a cross-sectional study in a Chinese population

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          Abstract

          Background

          To examine the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) with carotid artery stenosis (CAS), especially in menopausal women in China.

          Materials and methods

          A cross-sectional study of menopause women aged ≥40 years were enrolled from the Jidong community of Tangshan City between 2013 and 2014 to examine the association between MetS and CAS. Logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the association between MetS and the presence of CAS.

          Results

          A total of 762 menopause women with mean age 59.3±5.6 years were enrolled in our analysis. Of all the people, 111 participants in CAS group (n=159) and 297 participants in no CAS group (n=603) were diagnosed with MetS meantime. Menopausal women with MetS had increased risk of CAS (OR, 2.383; 95% CI, 1.639–3.464), and the association was further verified by adjusting for confounding factors (OR, 1.949; 95% CI, 1.269–2.994). In addition, age, physical activity (never or moderate), body mass index (>24 kg/m 2), and family income (<3,000 RMB) were independent important factors to CAS development in those with MetS.

          Conclusion

          MetS is associated with CAS especially in women after menopause.

          Most cited references20

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          Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and Doppler US diagnosis--Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference.

          The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts in the field of vascular ultrasonography (US) to come to a consensus regarding Doppler US for assistance in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. The panel's consensus statement is believed to represent a reasonable position on the basis of analysis of available literature and panelists' experience. Key elements of the statement include the following: (a) All internal carotid artery (ICA) examinations should be performed with gray-scale, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler US. (b) The degree of stenosis determined at gray-scale and Doppler US should be stratified into the categories of normal (no stenosis), or =70% stenosis to near occlusion, near occlusion, and total occlusion. (c) ICA peak systolic velocity (PSV) and presence of plaque on gray-scale and/or color Doppler images are primarily used in diagnosis and grading of ICA stenosis; two additional parameters, ICA-to-common carotid artery PSV ratio and ICA end-diastolic velocity may also be used when clinical or technical factors raise concern that ICA PSV may not be representative of the extent of disease. (d) ICA should be diagnosed as (i) normal when ICA PSV is less than 125 cm/sec and no plaque or intimal thickening is visible; (ii) or =70% stenosis to near occlusion when ICA PSV is greater than 230 cm/sec and visible plaque and lumen narrowing are seen; (v) near occlusion when there is a markedly narrowed lumen at color Doppler US; and (vi) total occlusion when there is no detectable patent lumen at gray-scale US and no flow at spectral, power, and color Doppler US. (e) The final report should discuss velocity measurements and gray-scale and color Doppler findings. Study limitations should be noted when they exist. The conclusion should state an estimated degree of ICA stenosis as reflected in the above categories. The panel also considered various technical aspects of carotid US and methods for quality assessment and identified several important unanswered questions meriting future research. Copyright RSNA, 2003
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            Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation.

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              Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

              Although observational studies suggest that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women, use of unopposed ERT for prevention of coronary heart disease in healthy postmenopausal women remains untested. To determine the effects of unopposed ERT on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women without preexisting cardiovascular disease. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. University-based clinic. 222 postmenopausal women 45 years of age or older without preexisting cardiovascular disease and with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of 3.37 mmol/L or greater (>/=130 mg/dL). Unopposed micronized 17beta-estradiol (1 mg/d) or placebo. All women received dietary counseling. Women received lipid-lowering medication if their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level exceeded 4.15 mmol/L (160 mg/dL). The rate of change in intima-media thickness of the right distal common carotid artery far wall in computer image processed B-mode ultrasonograms obtained at baseline and every 6 months during the 2-year trial. In a multivariable mixed-effects model, among women who had at least one follow-up measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (n = 199), the average rate of progression of subclinical atherosclerosis was lower in those taking unopposed estradiol than in those taking placebo (-0.0017 mm/y vs. 0.0036 mm/y); the placebo-estradiol difference between average progression rates was 0.0053 mm/y (95% CI, 0.0001 to 0.0105 mm/y) (P = 0.046). Among women who did not receive lipid-lowering medication (n = 77), the placebo-estradiol difference between average rates of progression was 0.0147 mm/y (CI, 0.0055 to 0.0240) (P = 0.002). Average rates of progression did not differ between estradiol and placebo recipients who took lipid-lowering medication (n = 122) (P > 0.2). Overall, the average rate of progression of subclinical atherosclerosis was slower in healthy postmenopausal women taking unopposed ERT with 17beta-estradiol than in women taking placebo. Reduction in the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis was seen in women who did not take lipid-lowering medication but not in those who took these medications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ther Clin Risk Manag
                Ther Clin Risk Manag
                Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
                Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
                Dove Medical Press
                1176-6336
                1178-203X
                2018
                02 November 2018
                : 14
                : 2183-2188
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China, 1022zzg@ 123456sina.com
                [2 ]Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
                [3 ]Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medical, ShaaXi 710003, China
                [4 ]Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
                [5 ]Obstetrics Department, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China, yingpingl@ 123456163.com
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Ying Ping Liu, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, China, Tel +86 01 06 525 0731, Email yingpingl@ 123456163.com
                Zhi Gang Zhao, Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China, Tel +86 0 106 709 8039, Email 1022zzg@ 123456sina.com
                Article
                tcrm-14-2183
                10.2147/TCRM.S177265
                6223336
                6a81682a-d60e-43d5-9f80-c59587e71305
                © 2018 Zhu et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Original Research

                Medicine
                metabolic syndrome,carotid artery stenosis,cross-sectional study,jidong community,menopause

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