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      Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the peopling of the Americas

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          Abstract

          Page-Ladson, Florida, provides evidence of the oldest human occupation in the North American Gulf Coastal Plain at 14,550 B.P.

          Abstract

          Stone tools and mastodon bones occur in an undisturbed geological context at the Page-Ladson site, Florida. Seventy-one radiocarbon ages show that ~14,550 calendar years ago (cal yr B.P.), people butchered or scavenged a mastodon next to a pond in a bedrock sinkhole within the Aucilla River. This occupation surface was buried by ~4 m of sediment during the late Pleistocene marine transgression, which also left the site submerged. Sporormiella and other proxy evidence from the sediments indicate that hunter-gatherers along the Gulf Coastal Plain coexisted with and utilized megafauna for ~2000 years before these animals became extinct at ~12,600 cal yr B.P. Page-Ladson expands our understanding of the earliest colonizers of the Americas and human-megafauna interaction before extinction.

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          The late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas.

          When did humans colonize the Americas? From where did they come and what routes did they take? These questions have gripped scientists for decades, but until recently answers have proven difficult to find. Current genetic evidence implies dispersal from a single Siberian population toward the Bering Land Bridge no earlier than about 30,000 years ago (and possibly after 22,000 years ago), then migration from Beringia to the Americas sometime after 16,500 years ago. The archaeological records of Siberia and Beringia generally support these findings, as do archaeological sites in North and South America dating to as early as 15,000 years ago. If this is the time of colonization, geological data from western Canada suggest that humans dispersed along the recently deglaciated Pacific coastline.
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            POPULATION GENETICS. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans.

            How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we found that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000-year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative "Paleoamerican" relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model.
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              Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas

              Genetic studies have been consistent with a single common origin of Native American groups from Central and South America 1-4 . However, some morphological studies have suggested a more complex picture, whereby the northeast Asian affinities of present-day Native Americans contrast with a distinctive morphology seen in some of the earliest American skeletons, which share traits with present-day Australasians (indigenous groups in Australia, Melanesia, and island southeast Asia) 5-8 . Here we analyze genome-wide data to show that some Amazonian Native Americans descend partly from a Native American founding population that carried ancestry more closely related to indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andaman Islanders than to any present-day Eurasians or Native Americans. This signature is not present to the same extent or at all in present-day Northern and Central Americans or a ~12,600 year old Clovis genome, suggesting a more diverse set of founding populations of the Americas than previously accepted.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Adv
                Sci Adv
                SciAdv
                advances
                Science Advances
                American Association for the Advancement of Science
                2375-2548
                May 2016
                13 May 2016
                : 2
                : 5
                : e1600375
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
                [2 ]Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
                [3 ]Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
                [4 ]Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
                [5 ]Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK.
                [6 ]The Charles McBurney Laboratory for Geoarchaeology, Division of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK.
                [7 ]University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
                [8 ]Institute for Rock Magnetism, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
                [9 ]Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
                [10 ]Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78705, USA.
                [11 ]Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
                [12 ]Stafford Research Laboratories, Lafayette, CO 80026, USA.
                [13 ]Aucilla Research Institute Inc., 555 North Jefferson Street, Monticello, FL 32344, USA.
                Author notes
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                []Corresponding author. Email: jhalligan@ 123456fsu.edu (J.J.H.); mwaters@ 123456tamu.edu (M.R.W.)
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-9416
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2692-0628
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-8033
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2378-7905
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7931-5237
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8641-3874
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-0443
                Article
                1600375
                10.1126/sciadv.1600375
                4928949
                27386553
                6a85006b-ac12-4c1f-92d8-a98b85789862
                Copyright © 2016, The Authors

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 February 2016
                : 14 April 2016
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Articles
                SciAdv r-articles
                Archaeology
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                Mau Buenaventura

                archaeology,prehistoric america,pre-clovis,late pleistocene,megafauna extinction,page-ladson,florida,paleoindian,sporormiella,underwater archaeology

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